Black rot

Xanthan gum is a slimy gel produced by the bacterium Xan-thomonas campestris, which causes black rot on cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and broccoli. The slime protects the bacterium from viruses and prevents it from drying out. 

Among the determined diseases which might assume prominence at any time are the so-called Buba or cushion gall of Nicaragua (52), several types of soft pod rot, a gray mold that attacks cacao leaves, a black rot of the interior of the pod, and undoubtedly other diseases. In general, it is possible that cacao crop losses due to diseases and pests are greater than those reported by Hale (20). 

The coffee trees in the world are subject to a large number of diseases (2-4, 8, 73, 92) lists range up to 60 and more, and yet the disease possibilities do not always disturb plantation owners. Occasionally, as where the leaf rust attacks, or where koleroga (black rot) is serious, growers are on the lookout for diseases and are anxious about their future. There are local places where diseases are apparently more benign than in others, and this tends to dull the worry about disease losses in a country. 

Cauliflower Collards Lettuce Mustard Radish Rutabaga Spinach Swiss chard Turnip Black rot... 

Black rot, caused by Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala and Ravaz, is favored by warm humid weather. Rainfall is necessary for disease buildup and spread, eliminating occurrence in California. Black rot is characterized by brown circular lesions which may coalesce to destroy large areas of diseased leaves or girdle infected shoots. Fruit infection is particularly destructive and can result in complete crop loss. The fungus survives from one season to the next in mummified fruit. Infection periods can be identified based on the occurrence of rainfall and the relationship between temperature and leaf wetness duration. 

Effectiveness. Several EBI compounds are highly effective against powdery mildew and black rot of grapes. 

After-infection, Presymptom Uses. Because of the after-infection control capabilities of the EBI compounds, the eastern grower can for the first time control black rot 72-96 hours after infection has taken place. This approach to controlling black rot can mean substantial savings in the number of applications, especially during dry or moderately dry years. Unfortunately, there are several drawbacks to this approach. Generally, growers are not accustomed to monitor-... 

An after-infection approach to controlling downy mildew could be developed, providing growers monitor downy mildew infection periods using the same instrumentation discussed under black rot. Acylalanine tank-mixed with folpet or mancozeb would be applied after a... 

Shaw, J. J. and Kado, C. I. 1988. Whole plant wound inoculation for consistent reproduction of black rot of crucifers. Phytopathology 78, 981 -986... 

Prevent problems by planting the follow--.g improved cultivars Green Dwarf 36 , Emperor , and Mariner are black rot-toler-ani Premium Crop is resistant to Fusarium >ellows Citation , Emperor , Esquire , Green Duarf //36 , Hi-Caliber , and Mariner are tolerant of downy mildew and De Cicco is tolerant of flea beetles. 

Fruit with spots flesh may rot. Causes Angular leaf spot Alternaria blight black rot scab other fungal or bacterial diseases. See "Leaves with spots, blotches, or brown areas on page 85 for controls. 

Cause Black rot. Fruit shrivels into hard, black mummies reddish brown spots with black specks on leaves. 

Fruit with light hrown spots that enlarge and darken. Cause Black rot. Common east of the Rockies, especially in hot, humid weather, black rot causes fruit to shrivel into hard, black shriveled berries (known as mummies) that remain on the cluster. Overwintering mummies and infected canes or shoots carry the disease from one growing season to the next. For control, remove and destroy all mummies. For persistent infection, apply copper sprays. Cultivars moderately resistant to black rot include Beta , Campbell s Early , Cascade , Chancellor , De Chaunac , Delaware , Elvira , Fredonia , Hunt , Ives , James , Scuppemong , Sheridan , and Worden . See page 109 for an illustration of this disease. 

Leaves with reddish brown spots with black specks. Cause Black rot. Leaves may wilt and shoots may show large, black, elliptical lesions. For more information, see Fruit with light brown spots that enlarge and darken above. 

Brown to gray spots on leaves and stems, and dark, gummy stems are caused by gummy stem blight. Infected leaves turn yellow and die. Disease begins as spots on stems, which become streaks stems then turn dark and gummy. When it attacks fruit, the disease is called black rot Infected fruit has round, black spots and the fruit flesh collapses. For an illustration of this disease, see page 148. 

Potatoes with a black, rotted ring at stem ends. Cause Bacterial ring rot. Tubers have a soft, light brown ring in the flesh near the skin. See Leaves discolored and puckered or curled on page 188 for controls. 

Routs black and rotted. Cause Black rot. Leaves have yellow, V-shaped spots on margins. Destroy infected plants. Prevent this bacterial disease by treating seed with 122°F water for 25 minutes before planting. (Be aware that this treatment can injure seed viability for complete instructions, see page 422.)... 

In other cases, a plant might produce. -. chemicals directly toxic to the attacking pathogen. For instance, specific biochemicals have been found that protect certain cultivars A sweet potato from black rot. Some plants... 

Protection Offered Copper is a broad-spectrum protectant fungicide used to protect vegetables, ornamentals, fruits, and nuts from plant pathogens. Use it in the garden to control anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot, black rot, blights, downy mildew, peach leaf curl, and Septoria leaf spot. 

Chatoglobosin A (58) and the related compounds are mycotoxins produced by various iungi such as Chaetomium sp. These mycotoxins are acutely toxic to mammals [46]. Chaetoglobosin O was isolated from Cylindrocladium Jloridanum causal fungus of black rot disease to alfalfa [47]. Biosynthetic studies using the cheatoglobosin-produc-ed strain Chaetomium subqffine revealed that the incorporation of the precursor [1- C, 02]-, H3]-acetate, labeled methionin and... 

Apples Green rot Sour rot Grey rot Black rot Brown rot... 

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