Swiss chard

Dimethyl sulfoxide occurs widely at levels of <3 ppm. It has been isolated from spearmint oil, com, barley, malt, alfalfa, beets, cabbage, cucumbers, oats, onion, Swiss chard, tomatoes, raspberries, beer, coffee, milk, and tea (5). It is a common constituent of natural waters, and it occurs in seawater in the 2one of light penetration where it may represent a product of algal metaboHsm (6). Its occurrence in rainwater may result from oxidation of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide, which occurs as part of the natural transfer of sulfur of biological origin (7,8). 

Swiss chard, also known as foliage beet, silver beet, or perpetual beet, is mostly known as a green-white vegetable the colored cultivars are less widespread. 

Zakharova and co-workers studied a red variety in 1997 to gain a closer insight into its polyphenol oxidase activity. More recently, a study addressing the antioxidant properties of a red colored Swiss chard was published. However, the pigments were erroneously addressed as anthocyanins. 

Betalains have recently regained importance due to continuing interest in natural food colorants. Currently, red beet is the only food source commercially exploited, although amaranth, Swiss chard, yellow beet, and cactus fruit represent promising... 

Besides their interesting color application values, betalainic plants are also worthwhile from a nutritional standpoint. Research on this topic has recently been resumed with great scientific vigor in both in vitro and in vivo studies on red beets, amaranth, red-colored Swiss chard, red-violet pitahayas, and especially cactus pears. ° In the future, betalainic color crops will be benchmarked because of their pigment structure and quantity and also because of the individual and synergistic activities of their components such as colorless phenolics, amino compounds, peptides, proteins, and hydrocolloids. 

Pyo, Y.H. et al.. Antioxidant and phenolic compounds of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) extracts. Food Chem., 85, 19, 2004. 

In a recently pnblished example of betaxanthin analyses in a complex food matrix, 19 betaxanthins were assigned in yellow Swiss chard petioles. Mass spectrometric measnrements are even more helpfnl if nnknown betacyanin structures are to be elucidated. While betacyanic plant materials such as red beet and amaranth may still be commercially available for coinjection experiments and comparison with samples under investigation, it may be an easier task to first optimize pigment separation followed by mass spectrometric measurements. 

Figure 7.8. Swiss chard Cd concentrations as affected by chloride levels in soils (modified from Weggler-Beaton et al., 2000)...

Bingham F.T., Strong J.E., Sposito G. Influence of chloride salinity on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard. Soil Sci 1983 83 160-165. 

Chang A.C., Hyun H., Page A.L. Cadmium uptake for Swiss chard grown in composted sewage sludge treated field plots Plateau or time bomb J Environ Qual 1997 26 11-19. 

McLaughlin M.J., Andrew S.J., Smart M.K., Smolders E. Effects of sulfate on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard I. Effects of complexation and calcium competition in nutrient solutions. Plant Soil 1998a 202 211-216. 

Smolders E., McLaughlin M.J. Effect of soil solution chloride on cadmium availability to Swiss chard. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1996 60 1443-1447. 

Weggler-Beaton K., McLaughlin M.J., Graham R.D. Salinity increased cadmium uptke by wheat and Swiss chard from soil amended with biosolids. Aust J Soil Res 2000 38 37 15. 

Nasturtium officinale (watercress) Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla (Swiss chard)... 

Flavonols Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, Apples, berries, broccoli, cabbages, chives, cranberries, grapes, kale, onions, peppers, spinach, Swiss chard, tomatoes, watercress... 

Flavanols/Procyanidins Catechin, epicatechin, and their gallic acid esters Apples, grapes, plums, pears, mangoes, okra, peaches, Swiss chard, berry fruits and vegetables in general,... 

Gil MI, Ferreres F and Tomas-Barberan FA. 1998. Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on die flavonoids and vitamin C content of minimally processed Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cycla). J Agric Food Chem 46 2007-2012. 

Swiss chard, Beta vulgaris cicia leaf 15 m from highway 220 DW 5... 

Whole, 2 species Swiss chard, whole, Beta vulgaris cicla Grown in soil at pH (12-51) DW 2... 

In studies on test meals, Walker et al. (32) discovered that the calcium of Swiss chard, which has a high oxalic acid content, was poorly absorbed. Children excreted more calcium during the 6 hours after a test meal of milk, Pumpkin leaves, cassava leaves, or pigweed leaves than after Swiss chard. All supplements contained 200 mg calcium. 

Chard, Swiss chard, seakale beet Beta vulgaris Cicia Group) ruby chard shown near right)... 

Ambient Exposures Petunia, tomato, Swiss chard, others 0.025-0.03 Several Typical symptoms 491... 

Cauliflower Collards Lettuce Mustard Radish Rutabaga Spinach Swiss chard Turnip Black rot... 

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