Black rot disease

Chatoglobosin A (58) and the related compounds are mycotoxins produced by various iungi such as Chaetomium sp. These mycotoxins are acutely toxic to mammals [46]. Chaetoglobosin O was isolated from Cylindrocladium Jloridanum causal fungus of black rot disease to alfalfa [47]. Biosynthetic studies using the cheatoglobosin-produc-ed strain Chaetomium subqffine revealed that the incorporation of the precursor [1- C, 02]-, H3]-acetate, labeled methionin and... 

Ichihara A, Katayama K, Teshima H, Oikawa H, Sakamura S (1996) Chaetoglobosin O and Other Phytotoxic Metabolites from Cylindmcladium floridanum, a Causal Fungus of Alfalfa Black Rot Disease. Biosci Biotech Biochem 60 360... 

One of the earliest reported phytoalexins was 6-me-thoxymellein (57) (Fig. 5.28) produced by carrot root slices after inoculation with Ceratocystis fimbriata. This fungus, which causes black rot disease in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas, Convolvulaceae), is not pathogenic in carrots Dau-... 

Among the determined diseases which might assume prominence at any time are the so-called Buba or cushion gall of Nicaragua (52), several types of soft pod rot, a gray mold that attacks cacao leaves, a black rot of the interior of the pod, and undoubtedly other diseases. In general, it is possible that cacao crop losses due to diseases and pests are greater than those reported by Hale (20). 

The coffee trees in the world are subject to a large number of diseases (2-4, 8, 73, 92) lists range up to 60 and more, and yet the disease possibilities do not always disturb plantation owners. Occasionally, as where the leaf rust attacks, or where koleroga (black rot) is serious, growers are on the lookout for diseases and are anxious about their future. There are local places where diseases are apparently more benign than in others, and this tends to dull the worry about disease losses in a country. 

Black rot, caused by Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala and Ravaz, is favored by warm humid weather. Rainfall is necessary for disease buildup and spread, eliminating occurrence in California. Black rot is characterized by brown circular lesions which may coalesce to destroy large areas of diseased leaves or girdle infected shoots. Fruit infection is particularly destructive and can result in complete crop loss. The fungus survives from one season to the next in mummified fruit. Infection periods can be identified based on the occurrence of rainfall and the relationship between temperature and leaf wetness duration. 

Fruit with spots flesh may rot. Causes Angular leaf spot Alternaria blight black rot scab other fungal or bacterial diseases. See "Leaves with spots, blotches, or brown areas on page 85 for controls. 

Fruit with light hrown spots that enlarge and darken. Cause Black rot. Common east of the Rockies, especially in hot, humid weather, black rot causes fruit to shrivel into hard, black shriveled berries (known as mummies) that remain on the cluster. Overwintering mummies and infected canes or shoots carry the disease from one growing season to the next. For control, remove and destroy all mummies. For persistent infection, apply copper sprays. Cultivars moderately resistant to black rot include Beta , Campbell s Early , Cascade , Chancellor , De Chaunac , Delaware , Elvira , Fredonia , Hunt , Ives , James , Scuppemong , Sheridan , and Worden . See page 109 for an illustration of this disease. 

Brown to gray spots on leaves and stems, and dark, gummy stems are caused by gummy stem blight. Infected leaves turn yellow and die. Disease begins as spots on stems, which become streaks stems then turn dark and gummy. When it attacks fruit, the disease is called black rot Infected fruit has round, black spots and the fruit flesh collapses. For an illustration of this disease, see page 148. 

Routs black and rotted. Cause Black rot. Leaves have yellow, V-shaped spots on margins. Destroy infected plants. Prevent this bacterial disease by treating seed with 122°F water for 25 minutes before planting. (Be aware that this treatment can injure seed viability for complete instructions, see page 422.)... 

Carrot fly, cutworms, willow-carrot aphids and nematodes, and the diseases violet root roL black rot, leaf bhght, cavity spof scab and Sclerotinia rot are the main problems in the growing of the crop. Some varieties are more susceptible to cavity spot than others. 

BAYLETON 50% Wettable Powder is a unique fungicide which has the ability to control, as well as prevent, certain important fungus diseases, including rusts, powdery mildew and black rot in wheat, barley, grapes, apples, pineapples, pears, pine seedlings, and grasses grown for seed. 

Soil sterilisation has proved of particular value for controlling the damping-off diseases which are so destructive to seedlings. It Is also generally" recommended for the prevention of truck-crop diseases , such as scurf, black-rot, and stem-rot of sweet potatoes . Sterilization may be accomplished by drenching the soil with a solution of 1 pint of 37 per cent formaldehyde in 12.5 gallons of water and then co e ing with burlap or paper for... 

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