Bituminous concrete

The waterproofing body underneath the mat may be a plastic membrane, a thin aluminium sheet, or a bituminous/ concrete bed. These mats may be loosely placed or may be glued at certain points on the sub-layer. When placed on the concrete or on the asphalt, point forces may be exerted by the underlying aggregate. In addition, during construction activities, falling of reinforcements and other objects may induce local damage in the mat and in the... 

In many metropolitan areas, the RCM source is from existing Portland cement concrete curb, sidewalk and driveway sections that may or may not be lightly reinforced. The RCM is usually removed with a backhoe or pay loader and is loaded into dump trucks for removal from the site. The RCM excavation may include 10-30% sub-base soil material and asphalt pavement. Therefore, the RCM is not pure Portland cement concrete, but a mixture of concrete, soil, and small quantities of bituminous concrete [159-161]. 

Ward RG, McDougal JJ (1979) Bituminous concrete plant dust collection system -effects of using recovered dust in paving mix (Research Report No. FHWA/WV-79-003). West Virginia Department of Highways, Charleston, WV,p 246... 

Surface Barriers The application of an overlay of low-slump concrete, latex-modified concrete (EMC), high-density concrete, polymer concrete, or bituminous concrete with membrane on the existing concrete provides a barrier that impedes continued intrusion of chloride anions, moisture, and oxygen that are necessary for continued corrosion. These barrier systems may be used only after decontamination because corrosive agents get trapped in the concrete, leading to loss in its capacity to function properly. 

A novel application of mixed plastics is to toughen road surfaces. In 1986, the Ragusa Laboratories of ECP Enichem PoKmeri in Italy investigated the use of mixed plastics waste to reinforce bitumen. Sorted municipal waste with a polyethylene content of approximately 60% was mixed with bitumen in varying proportions up to 20%. The properties of the resultant bituminous concrete were improved in two important ways better wear resistance and raised softening point. Use of bitumen modified with mixed plastics waste of high polyethylene content as an experimental road surface under heavy trafiic has established its notable superiority over unmodified bitumen for road surfacing. 

Surface course of bituminous concrete (wearing course)... 

ASTM D 2950/D 2950M. 2011. Standard test method for density of bituminous concrete in place by nuclear methods. West Conshohocken, PA ASTM International. 

Courard L. and J.M. Rigo. 1993. The use of fibers in bituminous concrete as a solution to decrease rutting. Proceedings of the 5th Eurobitume, Session 3, p. 497. Stockholm. 

A high proportion of fines in soil can result in unacceptable product. Fines cannot be readily and uniformly coated by the asphalt binder and tend to separate into uncoated pockets in the bituminous concrete. Soils with a high proportion of clays are unaceeptable. 

Majidzadeh, K., Buranarom, C., Karakouzian, M (1976) Application of Fracture Mechar.ics for Improved Design of Bituminous Concrete, Vol. 1, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-91, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C. 

Horizontal cylindrical tanks should be installed on brick or reinforced concrete cradles with a downward slope of 1 in 50 from the draw-off end towards the drain valve, as shown in Figure 18.1. Cradles should be constructed on foundations adequate for the load being supported and the type of soil. A reinforced concrete raft equal to the plan area of the tank, and of adequate thickness to bear the load, is normally suitable for all but the weakest soils. Cradles should not be placed under joints or seams of the tank plates and a layer of bituminized felt should be interposed between the cradle and tank. The height of the tank supports should provide at least 450 mm space between the drain valve and ground level to allow access for painting or draining the tank. 

Some use has been made in the water industry of loose envelopes of polyethylene sheeting and with the increasing lengths of submarine pipeline requiring heavy concrete coatings for reducing buoyancy, the use of a heavily filled bituminous coating is projected. 

Tapes are produced in both temperate and tropical grades and heavy duty versions can be supplied for application under hot mastic asphalts at field joints of concrete weight-coated pipelines. Wrapping of complex shapes may be achieved by first profiling with a bituminous filler compound. 

The most common dampproofing treatment for residential foundation walls is a parge coat covered with bituminous asphalt. The parge coat is used for concrete masonry walls but is not necessary for poured concrete walls. This two-stage treatment has been replaced by surface bonding cement in some areas. 

The Shell papents broadly cover a bituminous paving composition in which the aggregate is coated with bituminous binder and the excess undissolved sulfur acts as a filler in the void spaces between the aggregate. The process is particularly adaptable for use with inexpensive, ungraded sands which are not suitable for use as an aggregate in a conventional hot mix asphalt concrete this mix class has often been called sulfur-asphalt-sand (SAS), but Shell s product is currently tradenamed THERMOPAVE. 

The chambers are made of concrete or of welded lead sheets. The inside is coated with a bituminous paint. Lead chambers arc preferred because of their higher heat conductivity. They are fixed in a steel structure (similar to chambers used for the production of sulphuric acid) and are generally 1.2 to 2.5 m... 

Chlorination is carried out in tall, reinforced concrete towers protected inside by a bituminous coating (see Fig. 133). 

Fatigue Test Results for Asphalt Concretes, Fatigue and Dynamic Testing of Bituminous Mixtures, ASTM STP 561, American Society for Testing Materials, pp 12-46, 1974. 

In the development of our most important single natural resource, water, the Bureau of Reclamation, at its Division of Engineering Laboratories, carries on research activities in nine areas concrete and concrete making materials hydraulics earth materials petrography protective coatings analytical chemistry bituminous materials saline water demineralization and special investigations, such as aquatic weed controls, cathodic protection, corrosion, and evaporation reduction. 

The low activity waste water is generally processed by distillation, whereupon a decontaminated distillate is obtained, which can be fed back into the process or discharged from the plant, and a residue in which radioactive nuclides are present in concentrated form. This residue can be bituminized or encased in concrete. 

More descriptively, tar sand is an unconsolidated-to-consolidated sandstone or a porous carbonate rock, impregnated with bitumen. In simple terms, an unconsolidated rock approximates the consistency of dry or moist sand, and a consolidated rock may approximate the consistency of set concrete. Alternative names, such as bituminous sand or (in Canada) oil sand, are gradually finding usage, with the former name more technically correct. The term oil sand is also used in the same way as the term tar sand, and the terms are used interchangeably. The term oil sand is analogous to the term oil shale. Neither material contains oil, but oil is produced therefrom by application of thermal decomposition methods. It is important to understand that tar sand and the bitumen contained therein are different components of the deposit. The recovery of the bitumen, a hydrocarbonaceous material that can be converted into synthetic crude oil (Speight, 1990,... 

Coal tar paving materials, not made in petroleum refineries Composition blocks for paving Concrete, bituminous Mastic floor composition, hot and cold... 

Base Layer Gravels (0/25). The binders have a pen. 40/50 asphalt base, with the sulfur/asphalt ratio of 30/70 by weight. The formulations studied corresponded to a bituminous, semi-crushed type, concrete for base layer applications for a traffic load of 3 tons. The crushed material in these formulae was replaced by round material, and the filler was... 

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