Consolidated rocks

Between the top hole and the reservoir section in most cases an intermediate section will need to be drilled. This section consists of more consolidated rocks than the top hole. The deviation angle is often increased in this interval to reach the subsurface target and eventually a casing is set prior to entering the reservoir sequence. 

Core floods were performed to determine if treatment polymers would prevent permeability damage caused by fines migration within consolidated rock and whether the adsorbed polymers would themselves reduce core permeability. The tests were performed using Hassler sleeve chambers. With the exception of the polymer... 

Air temperature variations are reasonably well-reflected in the soil surface but disappear rapidly in depth at 50 cm depth daily variations are hardly significant, and only seasonal temperature fluctuations are registered. Almost similar situations occur in hard consolidated rocks. Those, although having a somewhat higher thermal conductivity than loose materials, do not... 

In spite of the above issues, consistent trends of increasing surface area with increasing intensity of natural weathering are observed (Brantley et al., 1999). An example of this increase is shown in Figure 12(a) in which BET surfaces of primary minerals increase with increasing age of soils in the Merced chronosequence (White et al., 1996). The extent of this increase depends on the specific mineral phase. The more readily weathered aluminosilicates exhibit greater surface area increases than quartz. Application of BET measurements to characterize fractures and porosity in consolidated rocks has remained generally untested these surface area estimates have been... 

Metamorphism process by which consolidated rocks are altered in composition, texture or internal structure by forces such as pressure, heat and introduction of new chemical substances. 

An alternative method to quantify the brittleness of a seal rock uses the unconfined compressive strength derived from sonic logs. This method uses the brittleness index, BRl= UCSIUCSf c, where t/CS c is the unconfined compressive strength of a normally consolidated rock. UCS can be measured directly or is estimated from logs based on empirical correlations using the equation... 

More descriptively, tar sand is an unconsolidated-to-consolidated sandstone or a porous carbonate rock, impregnated with bitumen. In simple terms, an unconsolidated rock approximates the consistency of dry or moist sand, and a consolidated rock may approximate the consistency of set concrete. Alternative names, such as bituminous sand or (in Canada) oil sand, are gradually finding usage, with the former name more technically correct. The term oil sand is also used in the same way as the term tar sand, and the terms are used interchangeably. The term oil sand is analogous to the term oil shale. Neither material contains oil, but oil is produced therefrom by application of thermal decomposition methods. It is important to understand that tar sand and the bitumen contained therein are different components of the deposit. The recovery of the bitumen, a hydrocarbonaceous material that can be converted into synthetic crude oil (Speight, 1990,... 

C - unconsolidated material underlying the solum (A and B). It may or may not be made of the same parent material from which the solum formed. It is the least weathered and also little affected by the soil-forming process, although it may be weathered R - underlying consolidated rock... 

Gist, G.A., A.H. Thompson, A.J. Katz, and R.L. Higgins. 1990. Hydrodynamic dispersion and pore geometry in consolidated rock. Phys. Fluids A 2 1533-1544. 

The part of the crust constituted from consolidated rocks is referred to as the bedrock. These rocks are also referred to as intact rocks. The physical properties of fresh (unweathered) rock depend on their constituent minerals and texture and the presence of structural discontinuities like fractures, joints and bedding. 

Porous media can be classified as unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Soils, clays, and packings of various sorts belong to the first class, while rocks such as sandstones and limestones belong to the second. Both classes are investigated in this section. The first two subsections are devoted to ordered or random systems of particles, and the third to a different model of consolidated rocks, based on the classical reconstruction technique [26,34]. Finally, a formula valid in the thick double layer limit is used to gather all the numerical results and also some experimental results found in the literature. 

Fragment or clast size Pyroclast or fragment type Consolidated rock name... 

Name of Particle Size Range (mm) Loose Sediment Consolidated Rock... 

The youngest recent and sub-recent limestones include coral limestones, which occupy in some cases an intermediate position between (consolidated) rock and unconsolidated material. Deposits of shells, which can also be used in the manufacture of cement clinker, belong to the last-mentioned category. 

For consolidated rocks, the average grain diameter cannot be obtained easily. An equivalmt average grain diameter is estimated from... 

Geotextiles are two-dimensional textiles used in the building trade that are in contact with loose and consolidated rock. They are usually water and air permeable. 

Compaction is only one process of depth controlled change of porosity. Diagenesis is the process of all physical and chemical changes in sediments after deposition (compaction, cementation, recrystallization) forming a consolidated rock. 

Increasing effective pressure compresses the pore space, reduces the pore cross-section area, and closes pore throats and fractures. Therefore permeability decreases with increasing effective pressure. The magnitude of the change depends on mechanical rock properties pressure dependence is strong in weak-consolidated rocks or fractured rocks, for more competent rocks the pressure dependence decreases. A theoretical model was developed by Sigal (2002). 

Woodside, W., Messmer, J.H., 1961. ntramal crmductivity of pmous media (I. Unconsolidated porous sands, H Consolidated rocks). J. Appl. Htys. 32 (9), 1688-1699. 

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