Bitumen composition

M. W. Shuey and R. S. Custer. Quebracho-modified bitumen compositions, method of manufacture and use. Patent US 5401308,1995. 

Indian workers have advocated the use of molasses in a polymerized form in road-making, either by direct application to a macadamized road surface or by the preparation of a molasses-bitumen composition with which granite chips may be surfaced prior to their use as road material. Hukeri suggests the spreading of diluted molasses followed by sand over a road surface and claims that the surface remains dust-free throughout the dry season. Again, Sen and Frehi make a mixture of... 

Experimental Study on Application of Waste Rubber in Bitumen Composite... 

Vanadium-to-Nickel Ratios. An item of bitumen composition that should not be aflEected by weathering is the amount of metals present. Nickel and vanadium, the metals most characteristic of petroleum, can... 

Killops S., Walker P.,Wavrek D. (2001) Maturity-related variations in the bitumen compositions of coals from Tara-1 and Toko-1 wells. NZJ. Geol. Geophys. 44, 157—69. 

The observed change in bitumen composition during distillation and air-blowing is demonstrated in Shell Bitumen (2003). 

Figure 3.3 Changes in bitumen composition and its ageing index (ratio of recovered viscosity, over initial viscosity, qj during mixing, laying and in service. (From Chipperfleld E.H. et al.. Asphalt characteristics in relation to road performance. Proceedings of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 39, p. 575. Seattle. WA. 1970.)...

It is noted that the durabihty of asphalt concrete pavements is determined by the time of the trunk cracks formation in the poljmier-containing composites in the modified by elastomers (e.g., by rubber) bitumenous binder of asphalt. Developed by the authors [ 1 ] previously the theory of the cracks propagation in heterosystems has allowed to investigate the problem of the cracks propagation in the rubber-bitumen composite. This investigations show that most effectively to prevent the trunk cracks formation in asphalt concrete can ultrafine mbber particles (150-750 run) in a bitumenous binder of asphalt. 

The oil sands resemble conventional oil deposits but there are some important differences [3, 29-31], Athabasca oil sand consists mainly of quartz sand, with smaller amounts of feldspar grains, mica flakes and clays [28-30,32], The clays in this deposit are predominantly kaolinite and illite with some chlorite. Some tables of mineral and bitumen compositions of Athabasca oil sands are given by Camp [3J]. In general the oil bearing sands are very-fine to fine grained (62.5 to 250 pm diameter). These oil... 

The standard NF T 65-004 classifies the types of composite bitumen it distinguishes three grades of bitumen-tars by their pseudo-viscosities and two grades of bitumen-coal tar pitch by their penetrabilities. 

Waterproofing, whether it has to do with protecting civil engineering structures or roofs or terraces. Poured asphalt, often placed in layers with kraft paper, oxidized bitumen or modified bitumen can be used, generally with copolymer. The modified bitumen are used for the making prefabricated multi-layer waterproofing composites. 

Solvent extraction using nonreactive Hquids, such as C - or C -alcohols, benzene, or benzene-alcohol mixtures, yields generally 5—20% wax or bitumen (15). The yield and composition of the product are determined primarily by the petrologic character of the coal, not its degree of coalification. Montan wax is extracted from suitable coals for a variety of purposes. 

This becomes more aromatic and carbon-rich as it generates petroleum and evolves toward graphite. In contrast, the solvent-extractable lower molecular weight organic materials called bitumen or extractables increase in hydrogen content and progress through compositions typical of cmde oils to those of gas (10). 

Data for thermal movement of various bitumens and felts and for composite membranes have been given (1). These describe the development of a thermal shock factor based on strength factors and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. Tensile and flexural fatigue tests on roofing membranes were taken at 21 and 18°C, and performance criteria were recommended. A study of four types of fluid-appHed roofing membranes under cycHc conditions showed that they could not withstand movements of <1.0 mm over joiats. The limitations of present test methods for new roofing materials, such as prefabricated polymeric and elastomeric sheets and Hquid-appHed membranes, have also been described (1). For evaluation, both laboratory and field work are needed. 

Trinidad asphalt has a relatively uniform composition of 29% water and gas, 39% bitumen soluble in carbon disulfide, 27% mineral matter on ignition, and 5% bitumen that remains adsorbed on the mineral matter. Refining is essentially a process of dehydration by heating the cmde asphalt to ca 165°C. The refined product averages 36% mineral ash with a penetration at 25°C of about 2 (0.2 mm), a softening point (ring and ball method) of 99°C, a flash point (Cleveland open cup) of 254°C, a sulfur content of 3.3%, and a saponification value of 45 mg KOH/g. The mineral matter typically contains... 

This includes inorganic materials such as mica, glass fibre and asbestos etc., impregnated or glued together with varnishes or compositions comprising ordinary organic substances for heat resistance such as oil-modified synthetic resins, bitumen, shellac and Bakelite. 

The word "composites" has a modern ring. But using the high strength of fibres to stiffen and strengthen a cheap matrix material is probably older than the wheel. The Processional Way in ancient Babylon, one of the lesser wonders of the ancient world, was made of bitumen reinforced with plaited straw. Straw and horse hair have been used to reinforce mud bricks (improving their fracture toughness) for at least 5000 years. Paper is a composite so is concrete both were known to the Romans. And almost all natural materials which must bear load - wood, bone, muscle - are composites. 

When this is done it is seen that in all cases plastics materials, before compounding with additives, consist of a mass of very large molecules. In the case of a few naturally occurring materials, such as bitumen, shellac and amber, the compositions are heterogeneous and complex but in all other cases the plastics materials belong to a chemical family referred to as high polymers. 

These are semisolid or solid substances formed in nature from crude oils after the volatile components have evaporated and the remainder has undergone oxidation and polymerization. They are also referred to as bitumens, waxes, and pitch. These materials are believed to consist of mixtures of complex organic molecules of high molecular weight. As with crude oils, which contain thousands of different chemical compounds, an exact chemical analysis for identification and composition is impractical to perform on the solid deposits of petroleum. 

An interesting application of sprayed aluminium is for resistance to high-temperature oxidation up to 900°C. The article is grit-blasted and aluminium sprayed, usually to a thickness of 0-008 in (0-2 mm). It is then treated with a sealing composition which may be bitumen or water-glass, and is diffusion annealed in a furnace at 850 C for approximately 30 min. The final coating... 

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