Bitumenous binder

Soci e Nationale des Petroles d Aquitaine, Properties of Sulphur Bitumen Binders, International Road Federation World Meeting, 7th, pp. 39, Munich, Oct. 1973. 

Nicolau, A., Garrigues, C., Brossel, M., Bitumen Binders Containing... 

During the oxidation process long-life radicals are formed, which are mesomerically stabilized. These radicals can induce the oxidation of bitumen binder in the road surface or roofing felt, even at low temperatures under the influence of UV radiation. Moreover temperatures up to 60 °C or 80 °C may be reached at the surfaces of roads or roofing felts as a result of the IR radiation in sunlight. However, the energetic UV rays can only penetrate the surface for a few micrometers due to the dark color of the bitumen. 

Source Dinnen.A., Epoxy bitumen binders for critical road conditions. Proceedings of the 2nd Eurobitume, p. 294, 1981. 

Gilby G.W. 1985. Ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA) copolymers as modifiers for bitumen binders. Asphalt Technology, Vol. 36, No. 36, pp. 37—41. 

At the target mixture, the following empirical properties should be determined void content, voids filled with bitumen, binder drainage, water sensitivity, resistance to permanent deformation and, when required, resistance to abrasion by studded tyres. 

It is noted that the durabihty of asphalt concrete pavements is determined by the time of the trunk cracks formation in the poljmier-containing composites in the modified by elastomers (e.g., by rubber) bitumenous binder of asphalt. Developed by the authors [ 1 ] previously the theory of the cracks propagation in heterosystems has allowed to investigate the problem of the cracks propagation in the rubber-bitumen composite. This investigations show that most effectively to prevent the trunk cracks formation in asphalt concrete can ultrafine mbber particles (150-750 run) in a bitumenous binder of asphalt. 

The constant interest in elucidation of new possibilities to increase of the asphalt concrete pavements durability continues to persist for several decades. Such pavements are composites consisting of gravel, sand and the polymer-containing composite (bitumen) in rationally chosen ratios. According to modem notions, it is assumed that the durabihty of asphalt concrete pavements is determined by the appearance of numerous major tmnk cracks in the pavement. This conclusion is confirmed, in particular, in numerous reports (over 130), presented at a special conference devoted exclusively to the problem of cracking in pavements [2]. It was shown earlier and in reports of the conference that a certain increase in the durability of pavements can achieve by introducing into the bitumenous binder of elastomers (synthetic mbbers or cmshed technical mbber). However, very important question about a quantitative determination of the optimum size of elastomers particles introduced into the bitumen for providing of maximum durability of pavements, until recently, remained open. The theoretical solution of above problem is presented in the next section. 

FIGURE 3.2 Calculated dependences of the relative durability W of cyclic loaded rubber-bitumen binder samples on the sizes of the rubber particles introduced into the bitumen. Curve 1 - at an average mechanical stress in the pavement a = 2.5 MPa. 

In bitumen concretes two kinds of organic binders are used asphalts (asphalt cements) and tars. Various kinds of bitumen binders are found directly in nature and are obtained from natural oil processing as residue. Their properties are described in more detail in Section 4.1.4. 

In France, bitumen belong to a category of products called "hydrocarbon binders . They are defined and classified in the French Standard, NF T 65000. The hydrocarbon binders comprise ... 

The standard NF T 65-011 distinguishes the bitumen emulsions by their ionic nature (anionic or cationic), their stability with respect to agglomerates and weight content of base binder. There are 20 grades of emulsions. 

Traditional appHcations for latices are adhesives, binders for fibers and particulate matter, protective and decorative coatings (qv), dipped goods, foam, paper coatings, backings for carpet and upholstery, modifiers for bitumens and concrete, and thread and textile modifiers. More recent appHcations include biomedical appHcations as protein immobilizers, visual detectors in immunoassays (qv), as release agents, in electronic appHcations as photoresists for circuit boards, in batteries (qv), conductive paint, copy machines, and as key components in molecular electronic devices. 

Timber-preservation creosotes are mainly blends of wash oil, strained anthracene oil, and heavy oil having minor amounts of oils boiling in the 200—250°C range. Coal-tar creosote is also a feedstock for carbon black manufacture (see Carbon, carbon black). Almost any blend of tar oils is suitable for this purpose, but the heavier oils are preferred. Other smaller markets for creosote were for fluxing coal tar, pitch, and bitumen in the manufacture of road binders and for the production of horticultural winter wash oils and disinfectant emulsions. 

The market for tar-based road binders has declined considerably for a variety of reasons. Less cmde tar is available and the profits from the sales of electrode pitch and wood-preservation creosote or creosote as carbon-black feedstock are higher than those from road tar. In most industrial countries, road constmction in more recent years has been concentrated on high speed motorways. Concrete, petroleum bitumen, or lake asphalt are used in the constmction of these motorways. In the United Kingdom, for example, the use of tar products in road making and maintenance had fallen from 330,000 t in 1960 to 100,000 t in 1975 and is less than 100 t in 1994, mainly based on low temperature pitch which is not suitable for electrode or briquetting binders, but which is perfectly satisfactory as the basis for road binders. 

Asphalt (bitumen) also occurs in various oil sand (also called tar sand) deposits which occur widely scattered through the world (17) and the bitumen is available by means of various extraction technologies. A review of the properties and character of the bitumen (18) suggests that, when used as an asphaltic binder, the bitumen compares favorably with specification-grade petroleum asphalts and may have superior aging characteristics and produce more water-resistant paving mixtures than the typical petroleum asphalts. 

A freshly prepared mixture of a fluid or soft binder with a solid filler is generally pliable and can be easily worked and shaped. As the binder solidifies, either because of drying, as when the binder is a cement, firing at high temperature, when the binder is clay, as in ceramics, or cooling down below the melting point, when the binder is bitumen or an alloy,... 

Binder or Aggiutinont is a material, such as asphalt or bitumen, dextrin, starch, flow, glue, fossil gums, gelatin, milk sugar, petrolatum, resins, shellac, stearin, paraffin wax, sugar, syn-... 

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