Horse hair

The word "composites" has a modern ring. But using the high strength of fibres to stiffen and strengthen a cheap matrix material is probably older than the wheel. The Processional Way in ancient Babylon, one of the lesser wonders of the ancient world, was made of bitumen reinforced with plaited straw. Straw and horse hair have been used to reinforce mud bricks (improving their fracture toughness) for at least 5000 years. Paper is a composite so is concrete both were known to the Romans. And almost all natural materials which must bear load - wood, bone, muscle - are composites. 

Keratin, from Ox Horn. (Fischer and Dorping-haus Morner.) Keratin, from Sheep s Horn. (Abderhalden and Voitinovici.) Keratin, from Sheep s Wool. (Abderhalden and Voitinovici.) Keratin, from Horse Hair. (Abderhalden and Wells.) Keratin, from Goose Feathers. (Abderhalden and Le Count.) Keratin, from Egg-membrane. (Abderhalden and Ebstein Morner.) Keratin, from Egg-membrane ofTestudo Greeca. (Abderhalden and Strauss.) Ichthyle-pidin, from Fish Scales. (Abderhalden and Voitinovici. 

Vegetable timber, cotton, cork, sisal, hemp, straw, reed, cane, capok, rattan, etc. Animal wool, silk, fnr, mohair, horse-hair, intestine, down, ivory, horn, sponge, beeswax etc. 

If fine cold-drawn oil is required, the seed-dour is subjected at once to pressure, without previously heating but tire method most commonly pursued is that given above. The crushed coke is inclosed in a press-cloth or bag previous to its introduction into the case. Tho bags aud cloths used for this purpose are made of different materials, the object being to have then, sufficiently strong to bear thB force exerted while, at the same time, they are not so thick or porous as to retain any great quantity of liquid. Woollen ololh is especially manufactured with a view to its application to this process of expression, and is the material usually employed, either wrapped in horse-hair cloth or otherwise. 

Z-Cystine has been obtained by the hydrolysis of a large number of proteins. However, the keratins are the only common proteins rich enough in cystine to serve as a source for this amino acid. Many investigators have devised methods for its isolation from the hydrolytic products of human hair,3 wool,2 horn,3 nail,3 feathers,3 and horse hair.4 The method of Folin5 is the basis for most of the others. The present method does not claim to give as high a yield as some of those reported in the literature, but is convenient and gives consistent results. 

This Iriquois mask is made of a mixture of plant and animal materials wood, pigments, horse hair, corn husks, copper, and a feather. 

Clay mixed with horse-hair, sometimes with my own... 

In the eighteenth cenmry, wind and water power largely replaced animal power to assist in oil extraction. Large wind-driven stamper mills became popular in Europe. The wind turned a vane outside the oil mill, and the rotational energy was transmitted into the mill via shafts and gears, eventually rotating a horizontal cam shaft. The horizontal cam shaft had vertical stamper shafts connected to it. The initial stamper shafts were used as mortars to beat the oilseeds into a pulp inside a wooden pestle. The pulp was then transferred into filter bags woven from horse hair... 

In 1795, J. Bramah of England invented the hydraulic press for oil extraction (1). Oilseeds were milled, cooked, and wrapped in filters cloths woven from horse-hair. The oilseeds wrapped in hlter cloths were manually loaded into perforated, horizontal boxes below the head block and above the ram of the press. The boxes were pressed together using upward hydraulic pressure on the ram. The oil was pressed out through the filter cloths surrounding the oilseeds. The filter cloths and spent cake were manually removed from the hydraulic press. The residual oil in spent cake was approximately 10%. 

Complete chemical analysis of the medulla of human hair fibers has not been reported. Studies of the medulla of human hair are complicated because it has poor solubility and is difficult to isolate. In fact, most of the experimental work on medulla has been on African porcupine quill, horse hair, or goat hair medulla rather than medulla of human hair fiber. Rogers [66] has described the amino acid composition of medullary protein isolated from porcupine quill, and his results are summarized in Table 2-7. 

C. was first isolated from urinary tract stones and can be obtained from the hydrolysates of keratin-rich proteins such as horse hair (content 8%). C. is reductively cleaved by 2-mercaptoethanol or 1,4-dithiothreitol (Cleland s reagent) and oxidized by peroxyformic acid to cysteic acid. 

FiotJBB 7. Diagram of the Bessel functions contributing to the form factor for the 18-residue 6-tum a-helix, as given by the formula of Cochran, Crick Vand. Features a represent the 6-1A meridional arc, and c the 1-5 A Perutz reflexion. The letter 6 shows the position of a sharp meridional reflexion observed on X-ray photographs of horse hair, and not accounted for by the simple theory of the a-helix. 

Angora wool Cashmere Goat hair Horse hair Yak Mulberr Spider Tussah... 

Hair consists of a fibrous protein called keratin, which, as proteins go, contains an unusually large percentage of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine. Horse hair, for example, contains about 8% cystine ... 

An early head-mounted device, developed in 1968 by Ivan Sutherland and Bob SprouU, displayed three-dimensional images by using two cathode-ray tubes. This helmet was so heavy that it had to be suspended from the ceiling. It was dubbed the Sword of Damocles, after the sword that hung on a horse hair over the head of Damocles, a courtier in ancient Greece. 

Fig. 8.18 Plot of melting temperature (contraction temperature) of a-keratin fibers as a function of molarity of LiBr solution in the supernatant. A Lincoln wool horse hair.(72)...

Figure 2. Results of activation analysis of ungulate hair, (a) Ganuna-ray spectra of three samples of horse hair, (b) Ganuna-ray spectra of hair from five manunals. The authors note that the scales of the spectra are the same, but the actual position on the y-axis has been ignored to allow the comparison. From Kennington and Ching (1966). Copyright 1966 by the American Association for Science.

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