Bismuth powder, compound

Prepare a solution containing one or two drops of a 10% manganese nitrate solution, one or two drops of a concentrated nitric acid solution, and two or three drops of water in a test tube. Cool the solution and introduce a potassium bismuthate powder into it. What do you observe What properties of bismuth(V) compounds does the given reaction indicate Write the equation of the reaction. 

Moreover, it was found that nanometer-sized bismuth mediates the allylation of carbonyl compounds in water to afford the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in high yields. Nanometer-sized bismuth is much more effective than regular bismuth powder in this reaction. The regioselectivity of the reaction depends on which kind of nanometer-sized bismuth (Bi nanotubes or in situ Bi nanoparticles) is used (Equation 2) [25b]. 

A new strategy allows preparation of differently substituted quinoxalines directly from simple epoxides and diaminoaryl compounds, in an oxidative coupling catalyzed by bismuth powder (Antoniotti and Dunach 2002). The reaction proceeds in DMSO under molecular oxygen in the presence of catalytic amounts of Bi(0) powder and with copper trillate or triflic acid as additives. 

Last but not least, it should also be mentirmed that the fundamental configuration of bismuth film electrodes, BiFEs, has a number of derived varieties and modifications (see references (50-52) and references therein), as well as some related counterparts. Craiceming the former, there are the bismuth bulk electrode (BiBE), heterogeneous carbon-based electrodes modified with bismuth powder, bismuth nanoparticles, bismuth alloys or various bismuth(in) compounds, such as Bi203, BiOCl, (Bi0)2C03, specially encapsulated Bi(N03)3, Bip3 and NFi,BiF4. 

Bismuth Trifluoride. Bismuth(III) duoride is a white to grey-white powder, density 8.3 g/mL, that is essentially isomorphous with orthorhombic YF, requiring nine-coordination about the bismuth (11). It has been suggested that BiF is best considered an eight-coordinate stmcture with the deviation from the YF stmcture resulting from stereochemical activity of the bismuth lone-pair electrons. In accord with its stmcture, the compound is the most ionic of the bismuth haUdes. It is almost insoluble in water (5.03 0.05 x 10 M at pH 1.15) and dissolves only to the extent of 0.010 g per 100 g of anhydrous HF at 12.4°C. 

Bismuth Triiodlde. Bismuth(Ill) iodide is a greenish black crystalline powder. The iodines are in a hexagonal close-packed array with each bismuth having six nearest-neighbor iodines at 0.32 nm (21). This suggests that the lone pair on bismuth is stereochemicaHy inactive and that the compound is largely ionic in character. 

Many of the following powdered metals reacted violently or explosively with fused ammonium nitrate below 200°C aluminium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, tin, zinc also brass and stainless steel. Mixtures with aluminium powder are used as the commercial explosive Ammonal. Sodium reacts to form the yellow explosive compound sodium hyponitrite, and presence of potassium sensitises the nitrate to shock [1], Shock-sensitivity of mixtures of ammonium nitrate and powdered metals decreases in the order titanium, tin, aluminium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, antimony, copper [2], Contact between molten aluminium and the salt is violently explosive, apparently there is a considerable risk of this happening in scrap remelting [3],... 

The reduction of nitroarenes to azoxy compounds ArN=N(0)Ar is promoted by bismuth trichloride/powdered zinc427. Aromatic amines are formed in excellent yields in the reduction of nitroarenes with BH3/NiCl2428 or nickel boride429. Acyl, ester, amide and cyano groups are not affected. Reaction of the nitro compounds RCH2N02 (R = Ph, Bz... 

Bismuth is flammable as a powder. The halogen compounds of bismuth are toxic when inhaled or ingested. Some of the salts of bismuth can cause metallic poisoning in a manner similar to mercury and lead. 

In powder form, the metal is pyrophoric. The toxicity of bismuth and its compounds is very low. 

Bismuth trichloride also unites with quinoline and pyridine. Quino-lino-bismuth chloride, [Bi(C9H7N)]Cl3, is obtained as a white crystalline mass on mixing the chloride with the base. This derivative is only slowly decomposed by water and is not deliquescent.3 Bismuth chloride and pyridine form a white compound of composition BiCl3.l-5(CsH5N) or 2BiCl3.3(C5H5N) on adding pyridine to an ethereal solution of bismuth chloride,4 or it may be formed from an acetone solution of the chloride and excess of pyridine.3 It is a white crystalline powder, fairly stable towards water, and only attacked slowly by hydrochloric acid. Aqueous sodium hydroxide quickly decomposes the additive compound. 

Powders containing bismuth compounds have long been used for decorative purposes to generate a shiny luster or lustrous colors (e.g., facial cosmetic powder in ancient Egypt, imitation pearls made by coating glass and ceramic beads). Bismuth oxychloride [7787-59-9], BiOCl, Mr 260.4, was the first synthetic nontoxic nacreous pigment. It is produced by hydrolysis of acidic bismuth solutions in the presence of chloride ions. Precipitation conditions may be varied (concentration, temperature,... 

The compound layer formed in the transition zone between nickel and bismuth was investigated metallographically, by X-rays and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). X-ray patterns were taken both from the cross-sections in the planes parallel to the initial Ni-Bi interface (after successive removal of the specimen material and polishing its surface) and the powdered phases using Cu Ka radiation. Two methods of obtaining X-ray patterns were employed. Firstly, X-ray photographs were obtained in a 57.3 mm inner diameter Debye-Scherrer camera. Secondly, use was made of a DRON-3 diffractometer to record X-ray diffractograms. 

Bismuth arsphenamine sulphonate (Bismarsen , Fig. 9) a yellow powder readily soluble in water, was first prepared by Raiziss in 1924 [70]. Stokes and Chambers [71] were the first to use the drug clinically, giving two injections a week for 14 weeks. Four such courses separated by intervals of a fortnight were administered in all. Nevertheless the effects were slow compared with the arsphenamines, although the tonic effect was greater and the side effects less numerous. Relapses, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS) were more frequent. Consequently, Rayburn and Boyd emphasized the fact that some individuals with neurosyphilis who were intolerant to arsenic in any other form could nevertheless tolerate it in the form of Bismarsen [72]. The low toxicity, the tonic effect, and the ease of administration were the chief advantages in favor of Bismarsen . The other compounds of bismuth with arsenic were not extensively tested in humans. 

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