Bismuth bulk electrode

Buckova M, Griindler P, Fleehsig GU (2005) Adsmptive stripping voltammetric detection of daunomycin at a bismuth bulk electrode. Electroanalysis 17 440-444... 

Last but not least, it should also be mentirmed that the fundamental configuration of bismuth film electrodes, BiFEs, has a number of derived varieties and modifications (see references (50-52) and references therein), as well as some related counterparts. Craiceming the former, there are the bismuth bulk electrode (BiBE), heterogeneous carbon-based electrodes modified with bismuth powder, bismuth nanoparticles, bismuth alloys or various bismuth(in) compounds, such as Bi203, BiOCl, (Bi0)2C03, specially encapsulated Bi(N03)3, Bip3 and NFi,BiF4. 

Another possibility is to use bismuth-film-modified electrodes which were used, e.g., for detection of picric acid. Different types of bismuth-based electrodes (bismuth-film electrodes, bismuth bulk electrodes, bismuth-nanoparticle-modified electrodes) and their applications for determination of (among others) various nitrocompounds were reviewed. 

Kadara, R.O. and Tothill, I.E. (2008) Development of disposable bulk-modified screen-printed electrode based on bismuth oxide for stripping chronopotentiometric analysis of lead(II) and cadmium(II) in soil and water samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 623, 76. 

Metal nanoparticle-doped sol-gel silica nanocomposites do not possess the required conductivity to fabricate bulk or screen-printed electrodes. Inspired by the well-known resorcinol/formaldehyde sol-gel process, which can be pyro-lyzed to get a conductive amorphous carbon matrix, we have synthesized a nanocomposite material made of a carbon xerogel doped with bismuth nanoparticles and fabricated a carbon paste electrode for heavy metal analysis (Figure 46.11) [24]. The resulting sensor is very sensitive to several heavy metals. Extremely low detection limits for Pb " and Cd of around 0.5 ppb were achieved using a nanocomposite paste electrode containing 6 wt. % of bismuth. 

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