Bismuth naming

There exist no reliable criteria to define Bi absorption, but possible criteria are blood and plasma levels or daily urinary excretion. Blood levels of Bi > 300 pg L are diminished by hemodialysis in vitro, and this may be explained by there being two different forms of bismuth, namely soluble and bound (Allain 1976). Monitoring of Bi treatments should also include the determination of Bi in whole blood as well as in plasma (Rao and Feldman 1990). Bismuth administered subcutaneously to rats as BiClj is deposited in the kidneys, which were found to contain > 50% of the accessible pool of bismuth. Retention in the kidneys was diminished, while levels in liver and 12 other tissues were augmented (Jad-wiga et al. 1979). 

Bismuth [Named from the Arabic, biismid, having the properties of antimony] (ICSD 64703 and PDF 5-519) Bi M = 208.9804 Coordinence Bi(3) (Native elements) Trigonal (Rhombohedral) a = 474.60 pm 57.23 A7, hR2 (Zs2) P.G. 3m S.G. R3m o-Arsenic type Uniaxial (n.a.) fjpa2.26 R a 67.9% 2-2.5 (HV 16-19) 9750 Habit platy, lamellar, granular, reticulated. Colon silver white, pinkish white, or red. Diaphaneity opaque. Luster metallic. Streak lead gray. Cleavage (00011 perfect. Fracture uneven. 

Exceptions to the use of the root name of the central atom are antimonate, bismuthate, carbonate, cobaltate, nickelate (or niccolate), nitrate, phosphate, tungstate (or wolframate), and zincate. 

Acid Halogenides. For acid halogenides the name is formed from the corresponding acid radical if this has a special name (Sec. 3.1.2.10) for example, NOCl, nitrosyl chloride. In other cases these compounds are named as halogenide oxides with the ligands listed alphabetically for example, BiClO, bismuth chloride oxide VCI2O, vanadium(lV) dichloride oxide. 

Schwefel-weinsaure, /. sulphovinic acid (old name for ethylsulfuric add). -werk, n. sulfur refinery, -wismut, n. bismuth sulfide, -wurz, /. brimstonewort. -wurzel, /. (Pharm.) peucedanum root, brimstonewort root, -zink, m. n. zinc sulfide, -zinkweiss, n. a pigment containing chiefiy zinc sulfide (litho-pone, zincolith). -zinn, n. tin sulfide. 

Therapeutic Function Lupus Erythematosus Suppressant Chemical Name Nitrilotriacetic acid bismuth complex sodium salt Common Name —... 

The silver gray metal can be cut with a knife, although it only melts at 1545 °C (for comparison, iron 1538 °C). It is the rarest of the "rare earths", but is nevertheless more abundant than iodine, mercury, and silver. Thulium has few applications, especially because it is relatively expensive. The element occurs naturally as a single isotope, namely 169Tm (compare bismuth). The artificial, radioactive 170Tm is a transportable source of X-rays for testing materials. Occasionally used in laser optics and microwave technology. 

Widespread medicinal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has prompted extensive studies of bismuth compounds involving the citrate anion. Bismuth citrate is essentially insoluble in water, but a dramatic increase in solubility with increasing pH has been exploited as a bio-ready source of soluble bismuth, a material referred to as CBS. Formulation of these solutions is complicated by the variability of the bismuth anion stoichiometry, the presence of potassium and/ or ammonium cations, the susceptibility of bismuth to oxygenation to Bi=0, and the incorporation of water in isolated solids. Consequently, a variety of formulas are classified in the literature as CBS. Solids isolated from various, often ill-defined combinations of bismuth citrate, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide have been assigned formulas on the basis of elemental analysis data or by determination of water and ammonia content, but are of low significance in the absence of complementary data other than thermal analysis (163), infrared spectroscopy (163), or NMR spectroscopy (164). In this context, the Merck index lists the chemical formula of CBS as KgfNHJaBieOafOHMCeHsCbh in the 11th edition (165), but in the most recent edition provides a less precise name, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (166). 

Bismuth (Bi, [Xe]4/145[Pg.509]

Astatine - the atomic number is 85 and the chemical symbol is At. The name derives from the Greek astatos for unstable since it is an unstable element. It was first thought to have been discovered in nature in 1931 and was named alabamine. When it was determined that there are no stable nuclides of this element in nature, that claim was discarded. It was later shown that astatine had been synthesized by the physicists Dale R. Corson, K. R. Mackenzie and Emilio Segre at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California in 1940 who bombarded bismuth with alpha particles, in the reaction Bi ( He, 2n ) "At. Independently, a claim about finding some x-ray lines of astatine was the basis for claiming discovery of an element helvetium, which was made in Bern, Switzerland. However, the very short half-life precluded any chemical separation and identification. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 8.1 hour °At. 

Bismuth - the atomic number is 83 and the chemical symbol is Bi. The name derives from the German weisse masse for white mass (the name later altered to wismuth and bisemutum) from the color of its oxides. The ancients did not distinquish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy (the younger) showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Bismuth was known and used by the ancient alchemists along with other metals both for chemical reactions and for medical purposes. The name comes from the German bismu, which had been changed from wismu, meaning "white."... 

Unnilseptium, or bohrium, is artificially produced one atom at a time in particle accelerators. In 1976 Russian scientists at the nuclear research laboratories at Dubna synthesized element 107, which was named unnilseptium by lUPAC. Only a few atoms of element 107 were produced by what is called the cold fusion process wherein atoms of one element are slammed into atoms of a different element and their masses combine to form atoms of a new heavier element. Researchers did this by bombarding bismuth-204 with heavy ions of chromium-54 in a cyclotron. The reaction follows Bi-209 + Cr-54 + neutrons = (fuse to form) Uns-262 + an alpha decay chain. 

German physicists Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Munzenberg Produced by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58 ions named for German physicist Lise Meitner, who first experimented with nuclear fission. 

Astatine is one of the rarest elements in nature. Extremely small amounts of short-lived isotopes At-215, At-217, At-218 and At-219 are naturally found occurring in equilibrium with uranium, neptunium and thorium isotopes. The element was named hy Corson, MacKenzie and Segre who produced the first of its isotope At-211 in 1940 hy homharding bismuth with alpha particles. Since then many isotopes in the mass range 200 to 219 have been synthesized. All isotopes, however, are unstable, their half-lives ranging between a few microseconds to less than ten hours. The most stable ones are At-210, At-211 and At-209. No use of this element is known so far. 

Bismuth forms trivalent and pentavalent compounds. The trivalent compounds are more common. Many of its chemical properties are similar to other elements in its group namely, arsenic and antimony. 

As Mme. Curie examined each fraction with the electrometer, she found that a very active substance separated with the bismuth. After convincing herself in 1898 that this was a new element, she named it... 

In 1940 D. R. Corson, K. R. Mackenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California bombarded bismuth with alpha particles (26, 27). Preliminary tracer studies indicated that they had obtained element 85, which appeared to possess metallic properties. The pressure of war work prevented a continuation of these studies at the time. After the war, the investigators resumed their work, and in 1947 proposed the name astatine, symbol At, for their element. The name comes from the Greek word for unstable, since this element is the only halogen without stable isotopes (28). The longest lived isotope is At210 with a half-life of 8.3 hours and a very high activity. 

Compound Name Barium Peroxide Bismuth Oxychloride Zirconium Oxychloride Sulfuric Acid Benzene Hexachloride Oil Spindle Sucrose... 

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