Bismuth III

Bismuth(III) compounds in solution can be titrated with EDTA solution or precipitated as orthophosphate or they can be electrolytically determined as Bi. A suitable spectro-photometric method is based on complex formation with iodide. 

At a pH of 2.5-3.5, bismuth salt solutions can be titrated with EDTA solution using pyrocatechol violet indicator. 

Prepare a solution of 0.33 g of purest bismuth nitrate, add 10 cm concentrated nitric acid and 20 cm of water in a 400 cm beaker. Add 1 1 ammonia solution, slowly with stirring, until the solution is turbid. Then add 10 cm of cone, nitric acid and 25 cm of the metaphosphoric acid solution and dilute to 300 cm Cover with a watch glass and heat to the boil on a hot plate and continue for an hour. Allow to cool and decant the supernatant into a prepared porcelain sintered crucible. Transfer the precipitate to the crucible quantitatively with a 10% ammonium nitrate solution. Dry at 110°C and then in 

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When hydrogen sulphide is bubbled into an acidic solution of an antimony or a bismuth salt an orange precipitate, SbjSs, or a brown precipitate, BijS, is obtained. Bismuth(III) sulphide, unlike antimony(IIl) sulphide, is insoluble in lithium hydroxide. 

Bismuth Trifluoride. Bismuth(III) duoride is a white to grey-white powder, density 8.3 g/mL, that is essentially isomorphous with orthorhombic YF, requiring nine-coordination about the bismuth (11). It has been suggested that BiF is best considered an eight-coordinate stmcture with the deviation from the YF stmcture resulting from stereochemical activity of the bismuth lone-pair electrons. In accord with its stmcture, the compound is the most ionic of the bismuth haUdes. It is almost insoluble in water (5.03 0.05 x 10 M at pH 1.15) and dissolves only to the extent of 0.010 g per 100 g of anhydrous HF at 12.4°C. 

Bismuth Trichloride. Bismuth(III) chloride is a colodess, crystalline, dehquescent soHd made up of pyramidal molecules (19). The nearest intermolecular Bi—Cl distances are 0.3216 nm and 0.3450 nm. The density of the soHd is 4.75 g/mL and that of the Hquid at 254°C is 3.851 g/mL. The vapor density corresponds to that of the monomeric species. The compound is monomeric in dilute ether solutions, but association occurs at concentrations greater than 0.1 Af. The electrical conductivity of molten BiCl is of the same order of magnitude as that found for ionic substances. 

Bismuth Tribromide. Bismuth(III) bromide is a hygroscopic, golden-yeUow, crystalline soHd made up of pyramidal molecules. X-ray analysis has shown that the three bromines are 0.263 0.002 nm from the bismuth and the Br—Bi—Br angles are 100 4°. More recent nqr experiments indicate that the bromines are not equivalent (20). The soHd has a density of 5.72 g/mL and that of the Hquid is 4.572 g/mL at 271.5°C. 

Bismuth trioxide is practically insoluble in water it is definitely a basic oxide and hence dissolves in acids to form salts. Acidic properties are just barely detectable, eg, its solubiUty slightly increases with increasing base concentration, presumably because of the formation of bismuthate(III) ions, such as Bi(OH) g and related species. 

Bismuth Triperchlorate Pentahydrate. Bismuth(III) perchlorate pentahydrate [66172-92-7], Bi(C10 2 5H20, is prepared by dissolving Bi202 in 70% HCIO4. Anhydrous bismuth triperchlorate [14059-45-1], Bi(C10 2> maybe prepared by heating bismuthyl perchlorate monohydrate [66172-93-8], BiOClO H2O, between 80 and 100°C. Attempts to dissolve bismuth metal in concentrated perchloric acid have resulted in explosions. Treatment of bismuth or with dilute solutions of perchloric acid yields hydrates of bismuthyl perchlorate. 

Bismuth Trisulfate. Bismuth(III) sulfate [7787-68-0], Bi2(S0 3, is a colorless, very hygroscopic compound that decomposes above 405°C to yield bismuthyl salts and Bi202. The compound hydrolyzes slowly in cold water and rapidly in hot water to the yellow bismuthyl sulfate [12010-64-9], (Bi0)2S04. The normal sulfate is isomorphous with the sulfates of yttrium, lanthanum, and praseodymium. 

Copper (II), Bismuth (III) and lead (II), ai e important elements in the environment and they have essential roles in different biologieal systems. Lead is widely distributed in nature and exhibits severe deleterious effeets on human [1]. Copper is an essential element for the normal metabolism of many living organisms. Bismuth has been used in medieines for the treatment of helieobaeter pylorie-indueed gastritis [2, 3]. Therefore traee analysis of these elements is important for monitoring their eoneentration in the environment. 

Bismuth(III) acetate catalyzes the synthesis of azlactones (17) from aromatic aldehydes in moderate to good yields via the Erlenmeyer synthesis. While the standard procedure for azlactone synthesis consists of using a stoichiometric amount of fused anhydrous sodium acetate, 10 mol% of Bi(OAc)3 is sufficient to catalyze the reaction and the crude product is found to be > 98% pure. 

A major ore of bismuth is bismuth(III) sulfide, Bi2S3. By roasting in air, it is converted to the corresponding oxide suliur dioxide is a byproduct. What volume of S02, at 25°C and 1.00 atm, is formed from one metric ton (106 g) of ore containing 1.25% Bi2S3 ... 

Bismuth phthalocyanines of the type PcBiX can be prepared in solution by the reaction of bismuth(III) halides with PcLi2 or in a molten mixture of phthalonitrile and bismuth(III) halide.166 The sandwich-like complex [Pc2Bi]- can be obtained by slowly adding potassium methoxide to a melt of bismuth(III) oxonitrate and phthalonitrile.167... 

Tetrabutylammonium [bismuth(III) bis(phthalocyanine)] undergoes a one-electron oxidation (dichloromethane, U = IV, platinum electrode, several days) to give bismuth bis(phthalocyanine).167... 

On the basis of the expected charges of the monatomic ions, give the chemical formula of each of the following compounds (a) bismuth(III) oxide (h) lead(IV) oxide ... 

Enhancement of dienophilic and enophilic reactivity of the giyoxyiic acid by bismuth (III) triflate in the presence of water [28]... 

Lighter elements show a stronger tendency to develop a stereochemically active lone pair than their heavier homologues. For instance, for antimony(III) more distorted structures are known than for bismuth(III) ]29]. 

Antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3 (stibnite) antimony(V) sulfide, Sb2S5 anti-mony(III) selenide, Sb2Se3 antimony(III) telluride, Sb2Te3 bismuth(III) selenide,... 

Bi2Se3 bismuth selenide, BiSe bismuth(III) sulfide, Bi2S3 (bismuthinite) bis-muth(III) telluride, Bi2Tc3 (tellurobismuthite) bismuth telluride, BiTe. 

The UPD of metals onto the surface of chalcogens can be performed not only electrochemically but chemically, i.e., through the use of appropriate redox pairs in solution. Such an approach has been demonstrated by the electroless UPD of bismuth(III) onto the Te surface using the titanium(III)/(IV) redox pair in aqueous solution [96]. 

Bismuth(III) triflate is also a powerful acylation catalyst that catalyzes reactions with acetic anhydride and other less reactive anhydrides such as benzoic and pivalic anhydrides.113 Good results are achieved with tertiary and hindered secondary alcohols, as well as with alcohols containing acid- and base-sensitive functional groups. 

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