Polybrominated biphenyl

An important application of carbon-skeleton gas chromatography is the simplification of the analysis of complex samples such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls and polychloroalkanes [709-711], These complex mixtures of halogenated isomers produce multiple peaks when separated by gas chromatography, making quantitation difficult. The isomers have identical carbon skeletons, resulting in a very simple chromatogram after hydrodechlorination. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) Polybrominated biphenyls Polybrominated biphenyl ethers Flame retardants... 

Keywords 1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromoethylbenzene l,2- is(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane Hexabromocyclododecanes Polybrominated biphenyls Polybrominated diphenyl ethers... 

Zabik, M.E., Zabik, M.J., 1999. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, and dioxin reduction during processing/cooking food. In Jackson, L.S., Knize, M.G., Morgan, J.F. (Eds.), Impact of processing on food safety Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Plenum Press, New York, 459, pp. 213-231. 

Keywords, Polybrominated biphenyl, Polybrominated diphenylether, Production, Analytical methods, Environmental, distribution, Toxicity... 

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated biphenyls Polybrominated biphenyls Dioxins Pesticides Organophosphates Organochlorides Carbamates... 

Polybrominated biphenyl (FF-1). See Polybrominated biphenyl Polybrominated salicylanilide. See Tribromosalicylanilide Polybutadiene CAS 9003-17-2 69102-90-5 Synonyms Atactic butadiene polymer BR Buta-1,3-diene Butadiene homopolymer 1,3-Butadiene, homopolymer Butadiene oligomer Butadiene polymer 1,3-Butadiene, polymers Butadiene resin Butadiene rubber... 

Phenyl methylpolysiloxane Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, disinfection by-products, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, chlorinated paraffins, methyl-fert-butyl-ether... 

Alkylphenols, ammonia, asbestos, chlorinated paraffins, 4-chloroaniline, cyanide, detergents, di- -butyl phthalate, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs e.g. anthracene, benzopyrene, methylcholanthrene, /i-naphthoflavone), nitrate, nitrite, petroleum oil, phenol, pentachlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, dinitro-o-cresol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs especially coplanar), polychlorinated dioxins, polybrominated naphthalenes, /i-sitosterol, sulfide, thiourea, urea, acid water, coal dust... 

Except for polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), a limited number of studies regarding the toxicity of aromatic brominated compounds has been performed. Some experiments suggest a moderate acute toxicity of these compounds (ref. 1). 

Among aromatic bromine derivates, only polybrominated biphenyl is known to have a porphyrogenic effect (ref. 24). From scarce data about the toxicity of 4 and 5 porphyrogenic activity in the case of repeated administration could be expected (refs. 25,26). No data are available concerning the remaining compounds. 

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are indnstrial chemicals that do not occur naturally in the environment. The properties, uses, and toxicology of the PCBs are described in detail in Safe (1984), Robertson and Hansen (2001), and Environmental Health Criteria 140. PBBs are described in Safe (1984) and Environmental Health Criteria 152. 

The principal source of pollution by polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) has been the commercial mixture Firemaster, which was produced in the United States between 1970 and 1974. Production was discontinued in 1974 following a severe pollution incident in Michigan, when Firemaster was accidentally mixed with cattle feed on a farm. In due course, PBBs entered the human food chain via contaminated animal products. Substantial residues were found in humans from the area, and were snbse-quently found to be highly persistent. 

Luross, J.M., Alaee, M., and Sergeant, D.B. et al. (2002). Spatial distribution of polybromi-nated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in lake trout from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Chemosphere 46, 665-672. 

Pijnenburg, A., Everts, J., and de Boer, J. et al. (1995). Polybrominated biphenyl and diphe-nylether flame retardants analysis, toxicity, and environmental occurrence. Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 141, 1-26. 

Safe, S. (1984). Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls biochemistry, toxicology and mode of action CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology 13, 319-395. 

The dehalogenation of polychlorinated or polybrominated biphenyls was more rapid in cultures using inocula prepared from sediments contaminated with the chlorinated or bro-minated biphenyl, respectively (Morris et al. 1992). 

Mixed cultures of organisms that were isolated from sediments contaminated with PCBs and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were shown to debrominate PBBs under anaerobic conditions (Morris et al. 1992), and the dominant congener—2,2, 4,4, 5,5 (245-245)-hexabromobiphenyl—could be successively debrominated to 2,2 -dibromobiphenyl. However, in sediments from the most heavily contaminated site containing contaminants in addition to PBBs, very little debromination occurred and the recalcitrance was attributed to the toxicity of the other contaminants (Morris et al. 1993). 

The structural range of industrially important representatives of these groups is enormous, and includes chlorobenzenes (solvents), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (hydraulic and insulating fluids), and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers (flame retardants). There is widespread concern over both the persistence and the potential toxicity of all these compounds, and sites that have become contaminated during their production represent a threat both to the environment and to human health. Pathways for the aerobic bacterial degradation of chlorobenzenes and chlorobiphe-nyls, and their brominated analogs have been discussed in Chapter 9, Part 1. 

---