Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polybrominated biphenyls

PAG PAH PBDE PCB PCDD/F PCR PM PM2.5 PNNL ppm ppt psi photoacid generator polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polybrominated diphenyl ether polychlorinated biphenyl polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans polymerase chain reaction particulate matter fine particulate matter (smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory parts per million parts per trillion pounds per square inch... 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

A majority of U.S. biomonitoring efforts measure such analytes as heavy metals, pesticides, cotinine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, phthalates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Future population-based studies (such as NHANES) will include such chemicals as perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perchlorate, on which little exposure information is available. 

It is well known that immunosuppression is caused by a variety of hydrocarbons such as benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Japan (Yusho accident) and China has been associated with increased respiratory infections and decreased levels of immunoglobulins in serum. In animals exposed to these compounds there is atrophy of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs, lower circulating immunoglobulins and decreased antibody responses after exposure to antigens. Similarly, the exposure of both humans and farm animals to polybrominated biphenyls, which occurred in Michigan in 1973, resulted in depressed immune responses. 

Immune dysfunctions may be associated with exposures to polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorobenzene, diethylstilbestrol, pentachlorophenol pesticides, certain wganometals, and a number of heavy metals, particularly when associated with the abuse of drugs. 

Jaward TM, Zhang G, Nam JJ, Sweetman AJ, Obbard JP, Kobara Y, Jones KC (2005) Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine compounds, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers across Asia Environ Sci Technol 39 8638-8645 Karthikeyan S, Balasubramanian R, See SW (2006) Optimization and validation of a low temperature microwave-assisted extraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter. Talanta 69 79-86 Koziol AS, Pudykiewicz JA (2001) Global-scale environmental transport of persistent organic pollutants. Chemosphere 45 1181-1200... 

Among the major ubiquitous SVOC pollutants in the urban air worldwide are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Their chemical structures are presented in Figs. 1, 2. Theoretically, there are 57 individual PAHs which contain 2-6 fused six-member benzenoid rings only (Harvey 1997). There are 209 individual PCB congeners and 209 individual PBDE congeners, varying in the number and positions of the substitutions by chlorine and bromine, respectively. 

Cetin B, Odabasi M (2008) Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polytaominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere 71 1067-1078 Chen S-J, Hsieh L-T, Hwang P-S (1996) Concentration, phase distribution, and size distribution of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls measured in southern Taiwan. Environ Int 22 411-423 Chen L-G, Mai B-X, Bi X-H et al (2006) Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China Environ Sci Technol 40 1190-1196 Chuang JC, Mack GA, Kuhlman MR et al (1991) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and then-derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study. Atmos Environ B 25 369-380 Cotham WE, Bidleman TF (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29 2782-2789... 

Su, Y, F. Wania, T. Harner, and Y.D. Lei. 2007. Deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to a boreal deciduous forest. Environmental Science Technology, 41 534—540. 

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