Oxidoreductase enzyme

The metabolism of 2-methylquinoline in Arthrobacter sp. strain Rii 61a is comparable, with introduction of oxygen at C4 (Hund et al. 1990). The enzymes (oxidoreductases) that introduce oxygen into the azaarene rings in Rhodococcus sp. strain Bl, Arthrobacter sp. strain Rii61a, and Pseudomonas putida strain 86 are virtually identical and, like those already noted have molecular masses of 300-320 kDa and contain Mo, Fe, FAD, and acid-labile sulfur (De Beyer and Lingens... 

As mentioned above, redox enzymes (oxidoreductases) are divided into four large groups dehydrogenases, oxygenases, oxidases, and peroxidases and catalases. 

Finally, it should be noted that the recent development of so-called third generation biosensors to achieve direct electron transfer from redox enzyme, oxidoreductase to the electrode without mediators, but through a series of enzyme cofactors or conductive polymers to transfer electrons from the enzyme redox center to the electrode surface [161-164]. This concept with the current technology for preparing miniature sensors with nanotechnology is of great interest to many researchers trying to develop practical sensors in clinical, environmental and industrial analysis. Whether with mediators or without, research for optimum sensor development for various purposes will be intensive in the future. 

The synthetic application of redox enzymes (oxidoreductases), especially in the field of enantioselective reductions and chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective oxidations, is very important [7,8] and covers a wide range of processes, as listed ... 

Enzymes Oxidoreductases Aldehyde dehydrogenase Disulfiram (inhibitor)... 

In contrast to proteolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases generally possess a much higher molar mass (on average about 10 ) and always contain a prosthetic group or at least one bonded metal atom (Table 30-9). The protein part (apoenzyme) and nonprotein part (coenzyme) of the enzyme are collectively called the holoenzyme. 

In K. pneumoniae, 3-HP and PDO are derived from the same intermediate, 3-HPA. The fate of 3-HPA depends on the activity of relevant enzymes (oxidoreductases and 3-HPA-specific ALDH) and the availability of redox cofactors (NAD" " and NADH). If a single product, either 3-HP or PDO, should be produced at high yield, one of the other types of enzymes should be disrupted and one kind of cofactor should be regenerated efficiently. When compared to gene disruptions, cofactor regeneration is much more challenging. In K. pneumoniae, cofactor regeneration is performed by oxidative... 

Hydrogenase an enzyme (oxidoreductase) that uses H2 as an electron donor... 

Direct electron transfer (DET) means an exchange of electrons between the cofactor of a redox-active enzyme (oxidoreductase) or a redox protein and an electrode (transducer) in the absence of redox mediators. DET is rarely observed and reported for only few redox proteins and redox enzymes. DET is of interest for fundamental studies on electron transfer in proteins and enzymes and for the development of sensitive and specific biosensors, robust biofuel cells and heterogeneous bioelectrosynthesis. 

Oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid is catalysed by many enzymes (oxidoreductases), which belong to the category of ascorbic acid antivitamins. Ascorbic acid is also oxidised by atmospheric oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and various other oxidising agents. Oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid is a reversible reaction and can be carried out by various mechanisms. The loss of one electron yields a radical of ascorbic acid as an intermediate and the reaction is known as one-electron oxidation. Oxidation of ascorbic acid by the loss of two electrons yields dehydroascorbic acid, which is the first chemically stable product. 

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