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Biomolecules to Cell

There are a few critically important small molecular precursors to biomolecules found in the environment. Biomolecules can be looked at in two major categories small molecules and macromolecules. [Pg.5]

The small molecules are going to be either metabolites or monomers from which the macromolecules are built. [Pg.5]

First let s note the inorganic (sometimes called mineral) molecules and molecular ions oxygen (O2), water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia or ammonium ion (NH3 or NH4 ), nitrate ion (NOs ), nitrogen (N2), phosphate ion (P04 -) and sulphate ion (SO42-). These are mostly metabolites, though the ions can also serve as counter ions along with chloride in creating the intracellular media. [Pg.5]

These molecules and ions m turn can be made into metabolites, small organic molecules used in energy transformation and as precursors to monomers and macromolecules. [Pg.5]

The monomers and the associated macromolecules are divided into four major [Pg.5]


Benzoic Acid, 437 Bilayer Formation, 92 Biochemistry, 20 Biological Membranes, 91 Biomolecules to Cells, 5 Biotin, 230... [Pg.545]

Nanofibrous substrates are also able to absorb greater amounts of protein and present surface biomolecules to cells very efficiently because of their high surface area-to-volume ratio. Studies have shown that nanofibrous substrates can absorb as much as 16 times more protein than flat surfaces, and increased protein absorption was related to specific changes in cell behavior between the two substrates [149, 150]. When a specific molecule is attached to a substrate to modulate cell behavior, the density of molecule presentation can be much higher in nanofibrous than in flat structures. Thus, biomolecule incorporation in nanofibers can lead to more efficient modulation of cell behaviors than other methods of presentation [151]. [Pg.196]

The cationic lipopolymer is biodegradable, the polymers may form complexes with biomolecules and thus are useful as carriers for the delivery of biomolecules to cells. Examples of biomolecules that form complexes with cationic Upopolymers include nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates. [Pg.179]

UV-induced ROS are extremely toxic to cells by causing oxidative damage to all biomolecules (Sies 1991). For instance, lipids, which are major compounds of all biological membranes, may be destroyed by ROS. After a first initiation reaction an unsaturated fatty acid is converted to a peroxyl radical, which in turn attacks another unsaturated fatty acid finally leading to free radical cascades. This photochemical peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may be particularly damaging for membrane structure and function (Bischof et al 2006a). [Pg.277]

Choy et al. have also intercalated biological macromolecules such as DNA, ATP and nucleosides into Mg/Al-NOs LDHs [189,190,194,195], where the host lattice may protect relatively delicate biomolecules from degradation and also aid their transport to specific targets within the body, and hence the intercalation reactions lead to the formation of novel bioinorganic nanohybrids with potential practical significance, such as new DNA reservoirs or carriers for the delivery of genetic material to cells [189]. [Pg.211]

This inherent nanomechanical versatility of AFM translates in the capacity to analyse not only hard, incompressible samples but also soft, compressible ones, such as biomolecules and cells. Moreover, the AFM has the capability to operate in air (i.e., no vacuum needed) and in liquid environments. This is very advantageous when compared with other high resolution techniques such as electron microscopy or optical techniques which operate in vacuum and need special sample preparation. Finally, the atomic scale reso-... [Pg.118]

Many compounds sensitize biomolecules to damage by UVA (320-380 nm) and visible light. Two general mechanisms of sensitization are encountered. The Type I mechanism involves electron or hydrogen transfer from the target molecule to the photosensitizer in its triplet state. If 02 is present, this can be reduced to 02 by the reduced sensitizer. In the Type II mechanism, the excited sensitizer is quenched by 02, which is excited to the singlet state (typically A"g) and attacks the target molecule. Photosensitization is exploited in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the destruction of cancerous or other unwanted cells. [Pg.49]

Some enzymes are parts of multienzyme complexes in which reactants are channeled from one enzyme to another without ever entering the bulk solvent. Diffusion is hindered in the gel-like cytosol, and the cytosolic composition varies in different regions of the cell. In short, a given molecule may function quite differently in the cell than in vitro. A central challenge of biochemistry is to understand the influences of cellular organization and macromolecular associations on the function of individual enzymes and other biomolecules—to understand function in vivo as well as in vitro. [Pg.12]

This structure is called a cell, also known as a lysosome. Add a bunch of ions, DNA, organelles, plus many other biomolecules to the cell and you have a living cell. The bilipid barrier is called a plasma membrane, which you will learn all about in your biology classes. [Pg.690]

Fig. 4 Model of cellular uptake of Lac complexes. Complexes adhere to cells due to electrostatics (a) and enter through endocytosis (b, c). Low aM complexes remain trapped in the endosome (d). High aM complexes escape the endosome (e) where released DNA may form aggregates with cationic biomolecules (f) or the complexes are less able to dissociate and less DNA is available (g). Reproduced with permission from [21], Copyright 2005 John Wiley Sons Limited... Fig. 4 Model of cellular uptake of Lac complexes. Complexes adhere to cells due to electrostatics (a) and enter through endocytosis (b, c). Low aM complexes remain trapped in the endosome (d). High aM complexes escape the endosome (e) where released DNA may form aggregates with cationic biomolecules (f) or the complexes are less able to dissociate and less DNA is available (g). Reproduced with permission from [21], Copyright 2005 John Wiley Sons Limited...
The different biological properties of NO and HNO can be partially explained by the high reduction potential for NO and the slow rate of deprotonation of HNO. However, HNO is a mild reductant (163, 164), and biomolecules such as ferricyt c (170) and SOD (83, 84) are reduced, at least formally, by HNO donors, resulting in formation of free NO. The relevance of these and other reactions that have been observed with purified biomolecules to the complex, heterogeneous environments of cells and tissue can be determined by elucidation of the chemical biology of HNO. This process includes identification of potential reactions, mechanistic determinations, and systematic comparisons of relative reaction rates, particularly for modification of biological targets in relation to consumption pathways. [Pg.364]

The methods of remote release described here can be used for studying numerous processes relevant for biology, e.g., the cell-surface presentation of small peptides, transport of biomolecules, and cell functions in general. Also, such methods can be used to study the properties and release from other systems, e.g., liposomes [133, 146, 147],... [Pg.151]


See other pages where Biomolecules to Cell is mentioned: [Pg.5]    [Pg.840]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.11]    [Pg.227]    [Pg.5]    [Pg.840]    [Pg.7]    [Pg.11]    [Pg.227]    [Pg.204]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.416]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.40]    [Pg.508]    [Pg.568]    [Pg.666]    [Pg.693]    [Pg.143]    [Pg.5]    [Pg.207]    [Pg.187]    [Pg.192]    [Pg.202]    [Pg.988]    [Pg.126]    [Pg.221]    [Pg.988]    [Pg.21]    [Pg.10]    [Pg.165]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.165]    [Pg.359]    [Pg.204]    [Pg.6]    [Pg.44]    [Pg.26]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.117]    [Pg.121]    [Pg.192]   


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