Remote Release

It is important to point out that the presence of the fulfilled encapsulation technology inside the nano- and microcontainers does not lead to their wide application. First of all using microcapsules requires also to guarantee their controllable delivery and release of capsulated substances. Also, it is desirable to provide us with remote delivery and release. Remote control over capsules permeability can be realized in several ways using microwave radiation, laser irradiation or ultrasound. 

A knowledge of the molecular composition of a petroleum also allows environmentalists to consider the biological impact of environmental exposure. Increasingly, petroleum is being produced in and transported from remote areas of the world to refineries located closer to markets. Although only a minuscule fraction of that oil is released into the environment, the sheer volume involved has the potential for environmental damage. Molecular composition can not only identify the sources of contamination but also aids in understanding the fate and effects of the potentially hazardous components (7). 

The Britter and McQiiaid model was developed by performing a dimensional analysis and correlating existing data on dense cloud dispersion. The model is best suited for instantaneous or continuous ground-level area or volume source releases of dense gases. Atmospheric stability was found to have little effect on the results and is not a part of the model. Most of the data came from dispersion tests in remote, rural areas, on mostly flat terrain. Thus, the results would not be apphcable to urban areas or highly mountainous areas. 

Pilots and Igniters - Two gas-fired pilots with igniters are installed adjacent to the inlet distributor. The igniter assembly and pilot gas valves must be located remote from the flare for protection of personnel and equipment. This restricts igniter selection to the forced air supply type. Location of these components should be such that the calculated radiant heat density at maximum load does not exceed permissible levels for personnel exposure. Because of the potential hazard of release of unignited hydrocarbons at ground level, a flame scanner (suitably shielded and aircooled and cotmected to an alarm in the control house), is provided for each pilot. 

Interactions refers to any jobs, tasks, or operations carried out by people who could directly or indirectly cause the hazard to be released. Direct interactions with the plant might involve breaking open pipework, opening reactors, etc. Indirect interactions would include remote activation of valves from a control room, or the performance of maintenance on critical plant items. Errors that might occur during these interactions could allow the harm potential to be released. This could occur directly (for example, a worker could be overcome by a chlorine release if an incorrect valve line-up was made) or indirectly (for example, if a pump bearing in a critical cooling circuit was not lubricated, as in the example in Chapter 1). The procedure as described above... 

Other energy sector concerns are methane emissions from unburned fuel, and from natural gas leaks at various stages of natural gas production, transmission and distribution. The curtailment of venting and flaring stranded gas (remotely located natural gas sources that are not economical to produce liquefied natural gas or methanol), and more efficient use of natural gas have significantly reduced atmospheric release. But growth in natural gas production and consumption may reverse this trend. Methane has... 

When DDT was widely used, it was released into the environment in a number of different ways. The spraying of crops, and the spraying of water surfaces and land to control insect vectors of diseases, were major sources of environmental contamination. Waterways were sometimes contaminated with effluents from factories where DDT was used. Sheep-dips containing DDT were discharged into water courses. Thus, it is not surprising that DDT residues became so widespread in the years after the war. It should also be remembered that, because of their stability, DDT residues can be circulated by air masses and ocean currents to reach remote parts of the globe. Very low levels have been detected even in Antarctic snow ... 

The relatively short predicted half-life of trichloroethylene in the atmosphere indicates that long-range global transport is unlikely (Class and Ballschmiter 1986). However, its constant release, as well as its role as an intermediate in tetrachloroethylene degradation, may account for its persistence and the fact that trichloroethylene is often present in remote areas. 

At the second stage of chlorine substitution in the tetramers there is a greater statistical probability for the incoming nucleophile to attack the phosphorus adjacent to =P(C1)(NHR), viz. P4 or P8, rather than the remote phosphorus, viz. P6 (Fig. 9). However, this statistical effect is countered by the electron releasing effect of the substituent already present on P2, which tends to deactivate P2 as well as P4 and P8 towards further nucleophilic substitution. It is observed that reactive amines such as dimethylamine (94) or ethylamine (95) react with N4P4C18 and... 

De Jong EK, Dijkstra IM, Hensens M, et al. Vesicle-mediated transport and release of CCL21 in endangered neurons a possible explanation for microglia activation remote from a primary lesion. J Neurosci 2005 25 7548-7557. 

---