High-resolution techniques

In this review we consider large-scale polymer motions which naturally occur on mesoscopic time scales. In order to access such times by neutron scattering a very high resolution technique is needed in order to obtain times of several tens of nanoseconds. Such a technique is neutron spin echo (NSE), which can directly measure energy changes in the neutron during scattering [32,33]. 

Numerous new developments and applications of solid state NMR techniques have emerged. Multidimensional NMR methods are able to probe connectivity patterns of zeolite framework structures and solve ambiguities in line assignments [27], high-resolution techniques for quadrupolar nuclei have been developed [31-34], and powerful double-resonance methods permit the study of spatial... 

IFF is a high-resolution technique that can routinely resolve proteins differing in pi by less than 0.05 pH unit. Under nondenaturing conditions, antibodies, antigens, and enzymes can retain their activities during IEF. The proper choice of ampholyte or IPG range is very important to the success of a fractionation. 

CE is a high-resolution technique and is the method of choice for the quality control of large biomolecules (e.g., DNA. RNA, monoclonal antibodies, etc.)... 

This inherent nanomechanical versatility of AFM translates in the capacity to analyse not only hard, incompressible samples but also soft, compressible ones, such as biomolecules and cells. Moreover, the AFM has the capability to operate in air (i.e., no vacuum needed) and in liquid environments. This is very advantageous when compared with other high resolution techniques such as electron microscopy or optical techniques which operate in vacuum and need special sample preparation. Finally, the atomic scale reso-... 

Note that in long-chain ketones the hydrocarbon peaks are indistinguishable (without the aid of high-resolution techniques) from the acyl peaks, since the mass of the C=0 unit (28) is the same as two methylene units. 

The immuuoreplica technique is a high-resolution technique for the localization of antigens on the plasma membrane of cultured cells. After immunolabeling, the cells are replicated with carbon and platinum to reveal immunolabeling on the cell surface. 

VI. Probing Supported Metal Catalysts by NMR without Utilizing High-Resolution Techniques... 

An ion containing a less abundant combination of isotopes, also included under P.I.D., is not classified separately because identification is usually more simple from the more abundant isotopic combination. The mass number and relative abundance of isotopic ions can be calculated from the accompanying table. It might be argued that classification of these could be useful where the more abundant isotopic combination is obscured by another ion of nominally identical mass. This, however, will be an unusual circumstance and can be overcome by careful use of the table or by the use of exact empirical structure determination through high resolution techniques. 

The above discussion is meant to point out specific possible application of surface vibrational spectroscopy to new areas of catalysis. Certainly there are many others and brevity prevents further discussion of such a large subject. Reflection IR, IETS and perhaps Raman, which is rapidly developing in useful directions, would appear to have a good future as high resolution techniques for studies of the chemisorption of organic molecules on a variety of substrates. 

Neutron imaging Two-dimensional H20 (liquid) Relatively high resolution technique, real-time data, applicable to typical fuel cell designs Need a powerful neutron source, very difficult to separate anode/cathode effects... 

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