Cellular organization

Fibrous or cellular—organic. Cane, cotton, wood, and wood bark (cork). 

Cellular organic plastics. Elastomer, polystyrene, polyisocyanate, polyisocyanurate, and polyvinyl acetate. 

Figure 11.1 shows different kinds of decisions important to preclinical research. Clearly, IT and simulation support are completely accepted at the lowest level of this diagram as ways of predicting molecular, cellular, organ, animal, or human properties, interactions, and responses (covered elsewhere in this volume). Therefore, scientists moving into leadership roles will very often be familiar with the strengths and weaknesses of such methods. 

Before beginning our discussion of the manner of replication of animal viruses, we should mention first the important differences which exist between animal and bacterial cells. Since virus replication makes use of the biosynthetic machinery of the host, these differences in cellular organization and function imply differences in the way the viruses themselves replicate. 

FIG. 2.7. Illustration of the way in which multi-cellular organisms combine their cells physically through extracellular connective tissue, often calcified, to give shape and developed cell-cell communication through elements and chemicals. Note that all this evolution was made possible by oxidation following inevitably from the release of 02... 

Chemical Changes in Whole Multi-Cellular Organisms. 333... 

Novel Proteins Associated with Multi-Cellular Organisms. 335... 

TABLE 8.4 Novel Flow in Multi-Cellular Organisms ... 

As in Chapter 7 on multi-compartment single cells, we have had to delay discussion of the chemistry of multi-cellular organisms until we had described their... 

To summarise the way in which the increase of oxidation using new elements and novel states of previously used inorganic elements, created in environmental conditions, enabled multi-cellular organisms to evolve new selective organic communication systems between differentiated cells, we note (i) the increase in the... 

The whole of a multi-cellular organism is contained by outer cell layers, which are described in biology texts, and maintained by connective tissue. Connective tissue is a novel, external biopolymer structure of multi-cellular organisms found within their new extracellular, circulating fluid compartments (see Section 8.9). As mentioned there, the main connective tissues, covalently cross-linked structures, are (1) those of plants, celluloses (polysaccharides), often cross-linked by lignin (2) those of lower animals and insects, mixed cross-linked polysaccharides and... 

It is necessary to remember that as well as organic cross-links, elements such as boron, silicon and calcium cross-link all the major external proteins and saccharides even in the walls of prokaryotes. Many of the cross-linking binding sites are of oxidised side chains of biopolymers. As described in Section 8.10, certain of these elements form mineral deposits but now these minerals are frequently found inside the multi-cellular organisms. Here, we see a great difference between the chemo-types of plants and animals. The acidity of the extracellular fluids of plants differs from the neutral fluid of animals. It is not possible to precipitate calcium carbonates (shells) or phosphates (bones) in plants due to the weak acid character of these anions (see Table 8.12). Plants therefore precipitate silica and calcium... 

---