Biomarkers kidney injury

Zhang Z, Humphreys BD, Bonventre JV. Shedding of the urinary biomarker kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is regulated by MAP kinases and juxtamembrane region. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 18 2704-14. 

Central nervous system, liver, and kidney injuries are characteristic biomarkers for effects of chlorobenzene intoxication. Since the effects are indicative of exposure to many other toxicants, methods are needed for more specific biomarkers. 

IchimuraT, Hung CC, Yang SA, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury. Am JRenal Physiol 2004 286(3) F552-63. 

Those involved in individual health assessment are concerned with the early detection of specific organ kidney injury. With regard to acute kidney injury (AKI), biomarkers may serve several additional purposes. That is, they may determine AKI subtypes (prerenal, intrinisic renal, or postrenal), identify the etiology of AKI (ischemia, toxins, sepsis, or a combination), differentiate AKI from other forms of acute kidney disease (urinary tract infections, glomerulonephrihs, intershtial nephritis), predict the AKI severity (risk stratification for prognostication as well as guide to therapy), monitor the course of AKI, and monitor the response to AKI interventions. For chronic kidney disease (CKD), they provide both evidence and severity of exposure and may be used to assess response to removal of offend-... 

Parikh CR, Mishra J,Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al. Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 2006 70 199-203. 

Washburn KK, Zappitelli M, Arikan AA, Loftis L, Yalavarthy R, Parikh CR, Edelstein CL, Goldstein SL. Urinary interleukin-18 is an Acute Kidney injury Biomarker in Critically III Children. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Oct 1. 

Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R,Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury Kidney Int 2002 62 237-244. 

Vaidya VS, RamirezV, IchimuraT, Bobadilla NA, Bonventre JV Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 A sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006 290 F517 -F529. 

The study of biomarkers of kidney injury in animal models has provided important information that has led to human studies. Biomarkers of AKI in animal models is shown in Table 5. 

Devarajan P. Emerging biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol. 2007 156 203-212. 

Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV. Mechanistic biomarkers for cytotoxic acute kidney injury. Expert Opin DrugMetab Toxicol. 2006 2 697-713. 

Vaidya VS, et al. Urinary biomarkers for sensitive and specific detection of acute kidney injury in humans. Clin Transl Sci. 2008 1 200-208. 

Thomas H, Derbyshire N, Jones HB, Moores M (2012) Evaluation of novel renal biomarkers with a cisplatin model of kidney injury gender and dosage differences. 

Han WK, Bailey V, Abichandami R, Thadhani Rl, Ichimura T, Bonventre JV Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a new biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000 11 129A. 

Kidney injury molecule-1 outperforms traditional biomarkers of kidney injury in preclinical biomarker qualification studies. Nat. Biotechnol. 28(5) 478. 

Ennulat D and Adler S (2015) Recent successes in the identification, development, and qualification of translational biomarkers the next generation of kidney injury biomarkers. Toxicol Pathol. 43(l) 62-9. 

Rouse R, Zhang J, Stewart SR, Rosenzweig BA, Espandiari P and Sadrieh NK (2011) Comparative profile of commercially available urinary biomarkers in preclinical drug-induced kidney injury and recovery in rats. Kidney Int. 79(11) 1186-97. 

Rouse R, Min M, Francke S, Mog S, Zhang J, Shea K, Stewart S and Colatsky T (2014) Impact of pathologists and evaluation methods on performance assessment of the kidney injury biomarker, kim-1. Toxicol Pathol. 43(5) 662-74. 

One thing that is clear from the table is that in vivo assessments of renal function in humans are limited due to the need for them to be noninvasive. In contrast, in vitro cell culture models enable processes to be examined at the cellular and molecular levels where they occur. Additionally, many of the responses and processes that are measured in vivo can be similarly measured in the in vitro model. Notable among these is the measurement of sensitive biomarkers of renal injury in urine in the in vivo model and in the extracellular medium in the in vitro cell culture model. Kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) is an excellent example that has been characterized by Bonventre and colleagues (Ichimura et al., 1998,2004 Han et al., 2002 Vaidya et al., 2006 Hoffmann et al., 2010). Kim-1 is a type 1 transmembrane protein that is undetectable in normal kidney tissue but is expressed at very high levels in dedifferentiated PT epithelial cells of human and rodent kidneys after either ischanic or chemically induced injury. It appears to satisfy several of the criteria for being an ideal biomarker of effect for renal injury Kim-1 is stable in urine for prolonged periods of time, it is specific to the kidneys, its expression increases markedly from a baseline of essentially zero, and its increased expression occurs early... 

Han, W.K., Bailly, V, Abichandani, R., Thadhani, R., and Bonventre, J.V. (2002) Kidney injury molecule-1 (KlM-1) A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int. 62, 237-244. 

Vanmassenhove J, Vanholder R, Nagler E, Van Biesen W. 2013. Urinary and serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury an in-depth review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28(2) 254—273. 

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