Translational biomarkers

In this section, we provide some examples of translational biomarkers, i.e., biomarkers which have been verified in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. See Fig. 1 for examples. 

The use of human-derived stable differentiated cultures of target organs will be extremely useful for the discovery and development of new translational biomarkers. Omic technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have proven to be excellent tools for understanding drug-induced perturbations, especially when used in combination with appropriate cell culture models [13, 122], The further understanding of how cells differentiate and maintain tissue-specific functions will also be crucial for the discovery of new biomarkers [123]. Importantly, the development of new mechanistically informative biomarkers is not just useful for clinical applications, but these markers will also be useful to drive the development of better, more predictive, human-based in vitro test systems to improve on the predictive power of whole-animal experiments in preclinical testing scenarios. 

I Qualified and Validated But I Research-Grade Markers [ "Translated biomarkers" Disease-specific, efficacy Pharmaccxlynamic and toxicology markers that work in human Often, hypothesis-free genomic profiling is done I for data collection Bl(X)d tests Protein, metabolite immunoassay DNA genetic test mRNA, protein, metabolite profile... 

Drug Discovery Toxicology From Target Assessment to Translational Biomarkers, First Edition. Edited by Yvonne Will, J. Eric McDuffie, Andrew J. Olaharski, and Brandon D. Jeffy. 

Ennulat D and Adler S (2015) Recent successes in the identification, development, and qualification of translational biomarkers the next generation of kidney injury biomarkers. Toxicol Pathol. 43(l) 62-9. 

NOVEL TRANSLATIONAL BIOMARKERS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE INJURY... 

---