Characterization definition

Maynor BW, Rosene CJ (1981) A comparison of the extractable nicotine content of smoke from Barclay and Cambridge cigarettes. 20 Jan 1981. Brown WMamson. Bates 680600845-680600853. http //tobaccodocuments.org/bw/329242.html Mckenzie JL (1976) Product characterization definitions and imphcations. 21 Sep 1976. R.J. Reynolds. Bates 509195711-509195714. http //tobaccodocuments.org/rjr/509195711-5714.html... 

The tests showed that a number of substances of aromatic and heteroaromatic nature are present in the samples, but at present they cannot be characterized definitely. The problem of whether or not some of the substances were produced in laboratory treatment of the samples is discussed under Results. Further study of the material is being made. 

Considerable progress has been made in this area since the pertinent section of MBBMA was written. At that time only the Mo2 molecule had been well characterized both experimentally and theoretically, although some results were available on other molecules that have only weak bonds in which the d orbitals play essentially no role. In such molecules, of which Fe2, Co2, Ni2 and Cu2 seem typical, the bond is formed by overlap of the valence shell 4s orbitals and the two cF configurations then interact only weakly. However, these d" + d systems give rise to an enormous number of molecular electronic states close in energy to the ground state. These molecules are therefore very difficult to characterize definitively by either theoretical or experimental means. 

A similar enzyme, characterized definitely as an a-rhamnosidase, was purified by Kamiya et al, (190), and a rhamnosidase could be induced in Klebsiella aerogenes (191), A p-nitrophenyl rhamnosidase from Corti-cium rolfsii was only weakly active on naringin (192),... 

Research on mixed trivalent chloride-iodide systems is limited. Beda et al. (1980) examined the RCI3 R = La, Gd, systems and in the lanthanum system characterized a UCl3-type phase with a doubled a lattice parameter. A structural solution based upon X-ray powder diffraction data suggested the formula La4Cl9l3 for this intermediate. An intermediate phase postulated for the R = Gd system was not characterized definitively. 

When it comes to the heaviest of petroieum fractions, modern analytical methods are not able to isolate and characterize the molecules completely. In the absence of something better, the analyst separates the heavy fractions into different categories, which leads merely to definitions that are workable but are no longer in terms of exact structure. 

Minimum exposure times must be observed in order to reach the requisite S/N ratio. As per EN 1435 and EN 584-1, for the different ranges of utilization (energy, wall thickness), definite film elasses are prescribed. They are characterized by the minimum gradient-to-noise ratios. Based on this, one can calculate the minimum values for the S/N ratio based on the IP systems. The exposure time and the device parameter sensitivity and dynamics (latitude) must be adjusted accordingly, with an availability of an at least 12 bit system for the digitalization. 

A solid, by definition, is a portion of matter that is rigid and resists stress. Although the surface of a solid must, in principle, be characterized by surface free energy, it is evident that the usual methods of capillarity are not very useful since they depend on measurements of equilibrium surface properties given by Laplace s equation (Eq. II-7). Since a solid deforms in an elastic manner, its shape will be determined more by its past history than by surface tension forces. 

Elementary reactions are characterized by their moiecuiarity, to be clearly distinguished from the reaction order. We distinguish uni- (or mono-), hi-, and trimoiecuiar reactions depending on the number of particles involved in the essential step of the reaction. There is some looseness in what is to be considered essential but in gas kinetics the definitions usually are clearcut through the number of particles involved in a reactive collision plus, perhaps, an additional convention as is customary in iinimolecular reactions. 

Type I isotherms are characterized by a plateau which is nearly or quite horizontal, and which may cut the p/p° = 1 axis sharply or may show a tail as saturation pressure is approached (Fig. 4.1). The incidence of hysteresis varies many Type I isotherms exhibit no hysteresis at all (Fig. 4.1), others display a definite loop, and in others there is hysteresis which may or may not persist to the lowest pressures ( low-pressure hysteresis ) (Fig. 4.2). Type 1 isotherms are quite common, and are no longer restricted, as seemed at one time to be the case, to charcoals. Many solids, if suitably prepared, will yield Type 1 isotherms the xerogcls of silica, titania, alumina... 

We designate the length of the ellipsoid along the axis of rotation as 2a and the equatorial diameter as 2b to define the axial ratio a/b which characterizes the ellipticity of the particle. By this definition, a/b > 1 corresponds to prolate ellipsoids, and a/b < 1 to oblate ellipsoids. 

Since the development of a method for polymer characterization has been spread over several sections and since the literature contains several variations in the manner data is displayed, a summary of some pertinent definitions and relationships will be helpful at this point ... 

The structure of the section is as follows. In Section 2.8.2 we give necessary definitions and construct a Borel measure n which describes the work of the interaction forces, i.e. for a set A c F dr, the value /a(A) characterizes the forces at the set A. The next step is a proof of smoothness of the solution provided the exterior data are regular. In particular, we prove that horizontal displacements W belong to in a neighbourhood of the crack faces. Consequently, the components of the strain and stress tensors belong to the space In this case the measure n is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. This confirms the existence of a locally integrable function q called a density of the measure n such that... 

The mechanical properties of rigid foams vary considerably from those of flexible foams. The tests used to characterize these two classes of foams are, therefore, quite different, and the properties of interest from an application standpoint are also quite different. In this discussion the ASTM definition of rigid and flexible foams given earlier is used. 

Estimates of the amount of natural gas available are made within the context of definitions and are subject to revision as definitions change, as additional information becomes available, as resources are consumed, or as undedyiag assumptions are altered. These definitions iaclude proved reserves where the resource is expected to be recoverable and marketable usiag known technology and prices probable reserves where a resource has been identified but not completely characterized and possible or potential gas where estimates are based on the available geological iaformation, historical trends, and previous successes. There are variations ia these definitions throughout the world. 

Other forms of permeabiHty oftea ate quoted as related to specific appHcatioas (9). A term closely related to the permeabiHty is the volume susceptibiHty k = M/H which particularly characterizes diamagaetic and paramagnetic substances. A variety of definitions of susceptibiHties is given ia Refereace 5. 

Ideally a standard cell is constmcted simply and is characterized by a high constancy of emf, a low temperature coefficient of emf, and an emf close to one volt. The Weston cell, which uses a standard cadmium sulfate electrolyte and electrodes of cadmium amalgam and a paste of mercury and mercurous sulfate, essentially meets these conditions. The voltage of the cell is 1.0183 V at 20°C. The a-c Josephson effect, which relates the frequency of a superconducting oscillator to the potential difference between two superconducting components, is used by NIST to maintain the unit of emf. The definition of the volt, however, remains as the Q/A derivation described. 

Process Systems. Because of the large number of variables required to characterize the state, a process is often conceptually broken down into a number of subsystems which may or may not be based on the physical boundaries of equipment. Generally, the definition of a system requires both definition of the system s boundaries, ie, what is part of the system and what is part of the system s surroundings and knowledge of the interactions between the system and its environment, including other systems and subsystems. The system s state is governed by a set of appHcable laws supplemented by empirical relationships. These laws and relationships characterize how the system s state is affected by external and internal conditions. Because conditions vary with time, the control of a process system involves the consideration of the system s transient behavior. 

Because of the diverse appHcatioas involving Hquid atomizers, a large vocabulary of terms has evolved ia the spray community. The American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM Subcommittee E29.04 on Liquid Particle Characterization, has attempted to standardize the terminology relating to atomizing devices (1). The definitions adopted by ASTM are used herein. 

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