Biological value using humans

Species extrapolation. Data in both animals and humans (children and adults) describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of lead provide the biological basis of the biokinetic model and parameter values used in the IEUBK Model. The model is calibrated to predict compartmental lead masses for human children ages 6 months to 7 years, and is not intended to be applied to other species or age groups. 

To summarise the arguments, the majority of NPs foimd in plants and microbes are unlikely to possess potent biological activity and even less likely to contain specific, potent biological activity that could be usefully exploited for pharmaceutical use. Furthermore, even when a naturally derived chemical is found to give a good lead, the chemical complexity so characteristic of NPs may make commercial production expensive or impossible. It is surely significant that culturable microbes have been so important as producers of NPs of pharmaceutical value to humans because they can be selected to overproduce complex molecules that humans would find impossible to make. 

PPC is a high-quality product, widely used in the human food industry because of its high digestibility and high biological value of the protein. It is a high-quality protein source suitable for use in all poultry diets. However, its high cost makes its use uneconomical for this purpose. 

Srikantia, S.G. University of Mysore, Mysore The Use of Biological Value of a Protein in Evaluating Its Quality for Human Requirements, Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements EPR 81 29, Rome, August 1981. 

Proteins have different biological availabilities in the human body and a number of methods have been introduced to evaluate and measure protein utilisation and retention. Two types of measurements are used to estimate protein quality biological assays and chemical analysis. The most common measures of protein quality included Biological Value (BV), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilisation (NPU), Amino Acid Score (AAS also known as chemical score, CS), Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAl) and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score (PDCAAS), amongst other procedures and modifications. 

In order to quantify vitamin A values for humans within the metric system, therefore, international agencies have now introduced the biological equivalent of 1 microgram (1 meg) of retinol as the standard. In 1967, the FAO/WHO proposed that vitamin A allowances be expressed as the equivalent weight of retinol, and that the use of lU be discontinued. The United Kingdom adopted this change and coined the term Retinol Equivalent (RE). The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board (National Academy of Science, National Research Council) and Canada followed suit. The RE system of measurement takes into account the amount of absorption of the carotenes as well as the degree of conversion to vitamin A hence, it is more precise than the lU system. 

Bacteria, yeast and algae are produced in massive quantities of protein sources as food for animals and humans.1 SCP is considered a major source of feed for animals. The production of valuable biological products from industrial and agricultural wastes is considered through the bioconversion of solid wastes to added-value fermented product, which is easily marketable as animal feedstock. The waste streams that otherwise would cause pollution and threaten the environment can be considered raw material for CSP production using suitable strains of microorganisms. 

Applicability in biological ion assay is an important factor for biocompatible potentio-metric ion sensors. Attempts were made to determine Na" " concentrations in human blood sera by using silicone-rubber membrane Na+-ISFETs based on (5) [Fig. 17(a)] [29]. The found values for Na concentration in undiluted, 10-fold diluted, and 100-fold diluted serum samples are in good agreement with the Na" " calibration plots. Even in the undiluted serum samples, only a slight potential shift was observed from the calibration. This indicates that the calixarene-based silicone-rubber-membrane Na+-ISFETs are reliable on serum Na assay. For comparison with the silicone-rubber membrane, Na -ISFETs with corresponding plasticized-PVC membrane containing (2) or (5) were also tested for the Na assay. The found values of Na" " concentration... 

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