Biofuels defined

Physical Properties. Physical properties of waste as fuels are defined in accordance with the specific materials under consideration. The greatest degree of definition exists for wood and related biofuels. The least degree of definition exists for MSW, related RDF products, and the broad array of ha2ardous wastes. Table 3 compares the physical property data of some representative combustible wastes with the traditional fossil fuel bituminous coal. The soHd organic wastes typically have specific gravities or bulk densities much lower than those associated with coal and lignite. 

The role of biocomponents in traffic fuel is increasing. The European Union Directive [1] on the promotion of the use of biofuels for transport purposes states that by the end 2005 traffic fuels should have contained 2% of components produced from renewables. The figure rises to 5.75% by the end of 2010 and up to 20% by the end of 2020. This directive defines biofuel as a liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass, biodiesel as a methyl ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality, to be used as biofuel and synthetic biofuel as synthetic hydrocarbons or mixtures of synthetic hydrocarbons, which have been produced from biomass. The European Commission also encourages member states to lower tax rates on pure and/or blended biofuels, to the offset cost premium over petroleum-based fuels [1, 2]. 

This review defines the thermochemical conversion processes of solid fuels in general and biofuels in particular that is, what they are (drying, pyrolysis, char combustion and char gasification) and where they take place (in the conversion zone of the packed bed) in the context of the three-step model. 

The biofuel ash characteristics defined by the composition (major and minor components) and fusion temperatures were also different (Table 2). All radiata pine wood residue biofuels (RPB, RPO and RPA) showed higher SiOj contents but lower... 

The most important sources of biomass to produce bioethanol are clearly defined in the two more important producers. However, the increasing world demand for biofuels makes all the possible biomass eligible as raw materials. In Brazil, sugar cane distilleries only operate from March to November, the sugar cane crop period, and therefore, the option of a different feedstock that could extend the use of the industrial plant would be very attractive. Besides, culture rotating would improve the use of the soil that would be managed in a more sustainable manner. 

Biofuels are defined as fuels of biological origin obtained renewably from organic residues. They can partly replace fossil-derived fuels (i.e., oil) because they can be used in current internal combustion engines and are compatible with the infrastructure that exists now. Biofuels have positive carbon balance compared to fossil fuels the CO2 released to the atmosphere is the same, but in the case of biofuels this is offset by the CO2 captured by the plants from which biodiesel is produced occurring in a closed cycle this reduces the contamination of emissions and improves the ambient air quality [313] (Table 11.2). 

Chemically processed biofuels with clearly defined fuel characteristics allow for a technically easy and environmentally sound conversion into the desired useful energy. Such biofuels can then be traded easily and used with fewer problems to meet a supply task efSciently and comfortably. To ensure this, the following conversion routes are available (Figure 7.2). 

Directive due to boost EU renewable energy use to 20% by 2020. The latter also aims for a substitution of 10% of transport fuels by biofuels in 2020 as a mandatory target for the Member States. Furthermore, this directive also defines minimum sustainability standards, e.g. a 35% reduction of greenhouse gas emission and a focus on the type of land used for biomass cultivation. 

Biofuel is defined as a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel that is derived from relatively recent dead biological materials. The relatively recent dead... 

---