Biodiesel-Fueled Cells

The following reactions take place in the ATR a part of the feed is oxidized partially as follows (Specchia et al., 2005)  

The remaining feed is catalytically reformed via the steam reforming and water-gas shift reactions  

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Speeehia, S., Tillemans, F.W.A., van den Oosterkamp, PR, Saracco, G. 2005. BIOFEAT Conceptual design and selection of a biodiesel fuel processor for a vehicle fuel cell auxiliary power unit. J Power Sources 145 683-690. 

A conceptual design and selection of an ATR biodiesel processor for a vehicle fuel cell auxiliary power unit were reported by Specchia et al. [81]. Three processor options were compared for H2 production with respect to efficiency, complexity, compactness, safety, controllability and emissions. The ATR with both high-temperature shift (HTS) and low-temperature shift (LTS) reactors showed the most promising results. 

BIOFEAT - Development of a biodiesel processor for an on-board fuel cell APU. The expected result is a fully tested modular 10 kW biodiesel fuel processor for an SOFC or PEM APU for a vehicle. 

Ban, K., Kaieda, M., Matsumoto, T., Kondo, A., and Fukuda, H. 2001. Whole cell biocatalyst for biodiesel fuel production utilizing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles. Biochem. Eng. J.,8, 3 43. 

What is biocatalytic synthesis 26) How do fuel cells work (27) How can chemicals be produced from renewable resources 28) Why is the inexpensive production of levulinic acid important commercially 29) What is biodiesel 30)... 

Aral S, Nakashima K, Tanino T, Ogino C, Kondo A, Fukuda H (2010) Production of biodiesel fuel from soybean oil catalyzed by fungus whole-cell biocatalysts in ionic liquids. Enzyme Microb Technol 46 51-55... 

Other options to help the environment imperative could be utilized for these types of hybrids. This includes using a pure ethanol (E100) ICE, a fuel cell, or a biodiesel fuel engine. 

A membrane cell recycle reactor with continuous ethanol extraction by dibutyl phthalate increased the productivity fourfold with increased conversion of glucose from 45 to 91%.249 The ethanol was then removed from the dibutyl phthalate with water. It would be better to do this second step with a membrane. In another process, microencapsulated yeast converted glucose to ethanol, which was removed by an oleic acid phase containing a lipase that formed ethyl oleate.250 This could be used as biodiesel fuel. Continuous ultrafiltration has been used to separate the propionic acid produced from glycerol by a Propionibacterium.251 Whey proteins have been hydrolyzed enzymatically and continuously in an ultrafiltration reactor, with improved yields, productivity, and elimination of peptide coproducts.252 Continuous hydrolysis of a starch slurry has been carried out with a-amylase immobilized in a hollow fiber reactor.253 Oils have been hydrolyzed by a lipase immobilized on an aromatic polyamide ultrafiltration membrane with continuous separation of one product through the membrane to shift the equilibrium toward the desired products.254 Such a process could supplant the current energy-intensive industrial one that takes 3-24 h at 150-260X. Lipases have also been used to prepare esters. A lipase-surfactant complex in hexane was used to prepare a wax ester found in whale oil, by the esterification of 1 hexadecanol with palmitic acid in a membrane reactor.255 After 1 h, the yield was 96%. The current industrial process runs at 250°C for up to 20 h. 

Martinez I, Markovits A, Chamy R et al. (2004) Lipase-catalyzed solvent-free transesterification of wood sterols. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 112 55-62 Matsumoto T, Takahashi S, Kaieda M et al. (2001) Yeast whole-cell biocatalyst constructed by intracellular overproduction of Rhizopus oryzae lipase is applicable to biodiesel fuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57(4) 515-520 Maurer K (2004) Detergent proteases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15 330-334... 

In direct glycerol fuel cells, the fuel and the oxidant used are glycerol (from biodiesel fabrication, for example) and oxygen from the air, respectively. In such fuel cells, the complete reaction taking place at the anode and cathode are represented by the equations ... 

Fukuda, H Hama, S Tamalampudi, S, Noda, H. Whole-cell biocatalysts for biodiesel fuel production. Trends in Biotechnology, 2008, v. 26 (12), 668-673. 

There has been growing interest in the application of methanol as an alternative fuel that can be directly used in Otto engines or fuel cells [1]. Its potential as an alternative fuel is due to its favorable combustion properties, which include low emission of particulates and nitrogen oxides [2], In addition, methanol is commonly used as an alcohol for producing biodiesel because of its low price, although other alcohols such as ethanol or isopropanol may yield a biodiesel fuel with better properties. 

Methanol as an energy carrier and motor fuel has been discussed for decades [144] [194] [420], lately as fuel for fuel cells. Methanol may play an increasing role for S5mfuels alone, via dimethylether directly or via zeolites to gasoline or as an agent for trans-esterfication of fatty oils into biodiesel. 

Nahar, G. Kendall, K. Biodiesel formulations as fuel for internally reforming solid oxide fuel-cell. Fuel Process. Technol. 92 (2011), pp. 1345-1354. 

Fukuda H, Hama S, Talamampudi S, Noda H (2008) Whole-cell biocatalysts for biodiesel fuel production. Trends Biotechnol 26 668-673 Fusek M, Lin XL, Tang T (1990) Enzymic properties of thermopsin. J Biol Chem 265 1496-1501... 

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