Biocatalytic synthesis

Schmid, A., Hofstetter, K., Feiten, H.J., Holhnann, R, Witholt, B. (2001) Integrated Biocatalytic Synthesis on Gram Scale The Highly Enantio Selective Preparation of Chiral Oxiranes with Styrene Monooxygenase. Advanced Synthesis Catalysis, 343(6-7), I il-l il. 

He, Y.-C., Xu, J.-H., Xu, Y. et al. (2007) Biocatalytic synthesis of ( A )-( Mnandclic acid from racemic mandelonitrile by a newly isolated nitrilase-producer Alcaligenes sp. ECU0401 Chinese Chemical Letters 18, 677-680. 

Fessner, W.D. andHelaine, V. (2001) Biocatalytic synthesis of hydroxy lated natural products using aldolases and related enzymes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12, 574-586. 

Figure 7.3 Biocatalytic synthesis of the intermediate of a retinoic acid receptor gamma-specific agonist... 

Figure 7.6 Biocatalytic synthesis of chiral hexanediol and hydroxyhexane-2-one...

Figure 7.8 Biocatalytic synthesis of optically pure (5)-CHBE and the 4-bromo and 4-hydroxy analogues...

Panke, S. and Wubbolts, M. (2005) Advances in biocatalytic synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 9 (2), 188-194. 

Poechlauer, P., Skranc, W. and Wubbolts, M. (2004) The large-scale biocatalytic synthesis of enantiopure cyanohydrins, in Asymmetric Catalysis on Industrial Scale (eds H.-U. Blaser and E. Schmidt), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 151-164. 

Brutchey, R.L., Yoo, E.S. and Morse, D.E. (2006) Biocatalytic synthesis of a nanostructured and crystalline bimetallic perovskite-like barium oxofluorotitanate at low temperature. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 10288-10294. 

Straightforward. We have therefore employed XAD-4 to combine biocatalytic synthesis with simultaneous product extraction. The system (Figure 15.8) comprises a continuously stirred tank reactor, a starting material feed pump, a product recovery loop with a (semi-) fluidized bed of XAD-4, and a pump to circulate the entire reaction mixture through the loop." ° Preliminary studies indicated that XAD-4 had no detrimental effects on E. coli JMlOl (pHBP461), hence, separation of biomass and reaction liquid prior to catechol extraction was not required. The biocatalytic reaction was carried out at very low concentrations of the toxic substrate and product. This was achieved by feeding the substrate at a rate lower than the potential bioconversion rate in the reactor. 

Scheme 1.61 Tandem biocatalytic synthesis of corrin 1.8 Concluding Remarks...

One-pot Biocatalytic Synthesis of Methyl (5)-4-Chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate and Methyl (5)-4-Cyano-3-hydroxybutanoate... 

Fechter, M.H., Gruber, K., Avi, M., Skranc, W., Schuster, C., Pbchlauer, P., Klepp, K.O. and Griengl, H., Stereoselective biocatalytic synthesis of (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid via substrate engineering by using thio-disguised precursors and oxynitrilase catalysis. Chem. Eur. J., 2007,13, 3369. 

Biocatalytic Synthesis of 6-Hydroxy Fluvastatin using Mortierella rammaniana DSM 62752 in Shake Flask Culture and on Multi-gram Scale using a Wave Bioreactor... 

The use of enzymes as biocatalysts for the synthesis of water-soluble conducting polymers is simple, environmentally benign, and gives yields of over 90% due to the high efficiency of the enzyme catalyst. Since the use of an enzyme solution does not allow the recovery and reuse of the expensive enzyme, well-established strategies of enzyme immobilization onto solid supports have been applied to HRP [22-30]. A recent work reported an alternative method that allows the recycle and reuse of HRP in the biocatalytic synthesis of ICPs. The method is based on the use of a biphasic catalytic system in which the enzyme is encapsulated by simple solubilization into an IL. The main strategy consisted of encapsulating the HRP in room-temperature IPs insoluble in water, and the other components of the reaction... 

This method was applied to the synthesis of both PANI [48] and PEDOT [47], In both cases, after the polymerization reaction, the UV-Vis spectra of the obtained aqueous phase was compared to the corresponding conducting polymer obtained by classical biocatalytic synthesis, in which HRP is dissolved in the aqueous reaction media. In the case of PANI (Fig. 10), after the polymerization reaction, the UV-Vis... 

Nagarajan R, Bruno FF, Samuelson LA, Kumar J (2004) Thiophene oligomer as a redox mediator for the biocatalytic synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT]. Polym Prepr 45 195-196... 

Rumbau V, Marcilla R, Ochoteco E, Pomposo JA, Mecerreyes D (2006) Ionic liquid immobilized enzyme for biocatalytic synthesis of conducting polyaniline. Macromolecules 39(25) 8547-8549... 

In this section, enzymes in the EC 2.4. class are presented that catalyze valuable and interesting reactions in the field of polymer chemistry. The Enzyme Commission (EC) classification scheme organizes enzymes according to their biochemical function in living systems. Enzymes can, however, also catalyze the reverse reaction, which is very often used in biocatalytic synthesis. Therefore, newer classification systems were developed based on the three-dimensional structure and function of the enzyme, the property of the enzyme, the biotransformation the enzyme catalyzes etc. [88-93]. The Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Database (CAZy), which is currently the best database/classification system for carbohydrate-active enzymes uses an amino-acid-sequence-based classification and would classify some of the enzymes presented in the following as hydrolases rather than transferases (e.g. branching enzyme, sucrases, and amylomaltase) [91]. Nevertheless, we present these enzymes here because they are transferases according to the EC classification. 

Figure 2.4 Biocatalytic synthesis of amino acids either by asymmetric...

Martin, B. D., S. A. Ampofo, R. J. Linhardt, and J. S. Dordick. 1992. Biocatalytic synthesis of sugar-containing polyacrylate-based hydrogeMacromoleculeS5 7081-7085. 

R. N. Patel, Biocatalytic synthesis of intermediates for the synthesis of chiral drug substances, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2001, 12, 584-604. 

S. Kamat, J. Barrera, E. J. Beckman, and A. J. Russell, Biocatalytic synthesis of acrylates in organic solvents and supercritical fluids I. Optimization of enzyme environment, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1992a, 40, 158-166. 

---