Bioconversion of wastes

Two broad areas of application for xylanolytic enzymes have been identified (1). The first involves the use of xylanases with other hydrolytic enzymes in the bioconversion of wastes such as those from the forest and agricultural industries, and in the clarification and liquification of juices, vegetables and fruits. For these purposes, the enzyme preparations need only to be filtered and concentrated as essentially no further purification is required. Several specific examples of applications involving crude xylanase preparations include bioconversion of cellulosic materials for subsequent fermentation (2) hydrolysis of pulp waste liquors and wood extractives to monomeric sugars for subsequent production of single cell protein (3-5). Xylose produced by the action of xylanases can be used for subsequent production of higher value compounds such as ethanol (6), xylulose (7) and xyIonic acid (8-9). 

K.Sasaki, N.Noparatnarapom, S.Nagai, Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products, Martin A.M. eds.. Chapter 1, 223 (1991)... 

Flavors produced by bioconversion of waste material or solid-state fermentation (SSF)... 

Sasaki, K., Noparatnaraporn, N., and Nagai, S. (1991). Use of photosynthetic bacteria on the production of SCP and chemicals from sgroindustrial waset, in Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products, Martin, A.M.(ed.), ElSevier Science Publishers, New York, London, pp. 223-265. 

Bisaria VS. (1998). Bioprocessing of agro-residues to value added products. In Martin AM, editor. Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products, 2nd ed. UK Chapman Hall, pp. 197-246. 

This, in turn, must give rise to specific legislative actions in order to quantify the social and environmental benefits linked to the nonfood use of agricultural and natural raw materials, and to the bioconversion of waste materials into industrial products. 

Park EY, Anh PN, Okuda N (2004) Bioconversion of waste office paper to L (-r)-LA by the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae. Bioresour Technol 93 77-83. doi 10.1016/j.biortech. 2003.08.017... 

Grady, J.L., Chen, G.J., 1998. Bioconversion of Waste Biomass to Useful Products. Bioengineering Resources, Inc, FayetteviUe, Ark (Google Patents). 

Bacteria, yeast and algae are produced in massive quantities of protein sources as food for animals and humans.1 SCP is considered a major source of feed for animals. The production of valuable biological products from industrial and agricultural wastes is considered through the bioconversion of solid wastes to added-value fermented product, which is easily marketable as animal feedstock. The waste streams that otherwise would cause pollution and threaten the environment can be considered raw material for CSP production using suitable strains of microorganisms. 

Several potential and mutant strains of T. viride have been identified in SCP production. Their capacity for amyloletic enzyme production was enhanced severalfold in SCP from lingnocellulosic resources. The process of bioconversion of agricultural wastes to SCP appeared to be too complex to find an economic application for agricultural waste. 

The European Economic Community have shown considerable interest in releasing ferulic acid from low value agricultural waste residues such as SBP, with subsequent bioconversion of the free acid to vanillin. Previous studies with commercial enzyme preparations have shown a high degree of solubilisation of ferulic acid from SBP is possible, giving rise to a mixture of free and esterified forms [9,10], However, it is not known which... 

The use of chitinases in the bioconversion of shellfish wastes to single-cell protein has been suggested (67), with concepts drawn tom work on the use of cellulases in the bioconversion of cellulose. There is clearly much potential in this area. 

Bioconversion of shellfish waste to A-acctyl glucosamine for yeast production [69] Conversion of galactose from whey hydrolysis to L-ascorbic acid [64]... 

Cosio IG, Fisher RA, Carroad PA. Bioconversion of shellfish chitin waste waste pretreatment, enzyme production, process design and economic analysis. J Food Sci 1982 47 901-905. 

Bioconversion of Shellfish Chitin Waste. In the quest of finding ways to utilize tne nutrients m shellfish processing waste, another avenue has been discovered. A process has been developed which bioconverts shellfish chitin to yeast single-cell protein (96-98). The product of this process is a protein-rich material wRTcfT can be used as an animal and aquaculture feed supplement. Since chitin s chemical structure is nearly similar to cellulose, the concept of this process was inspired from the bioconversion... 

Wastes spread on the surface should be disked or plowed into the soil soon after application (1 to 7 days). To promote aerobic conditions and rapid bioconversion of the wastes the soil-waste mixture should be cultivated periodically. 

Chemistry, properly supported, will help solve our energy, food, and mineral resource problems, even with our expanding worldwide population (hopefully at a diminished rate). Our endless supply of solar energy will be put to practical use through processes yet to be discovered — direct catalytic conversion to electricity, splitting of water to produce hydrogen fuel, or widespread bioconversion of vegetation and waste products. Chemists will increase the efficiency of extraction of new sources of minerals, and materials scientists will synthesize substitute materials from more abundant supplies. 

Bioconversion of high value products such as vitamins, organic, and amino acids has been most successfully exploited by the pharmaceutical industry. The use of citrus wastes as a substrate for fermentation of these types of products has recently received attention. Successful application depends on removal of nonspecific inhibitory agents from the peel, press residue, and distillation residue by ion exchange or by physical separation. 

Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives offer a wide range of applications including bioconversion for the production of value-added food products, preservation of foods from microbial spoilage, formation of biodegradable films, recovery of waste material from food processing discards, purification of water, and clarification and deacidification of fruit juices (Shahidi et al., 1999) (Table II). 

Puls J (1993) Substrate analysis of forest and agricultural wastes. In Saddler JN (ed) Bioconversion of forest and agricultural plant residues. CAB International, Wallingford, p 13... 

Healy, M.G., Romo, C.R., and Bustos, R. 1994. Bioconversion of marine crustacean shell waste. Resour Conserv Recycl. 11 139-147. 

Carroad P.A., Tom R.A., 1978. Bioconversion of shellfish chitin wastes Process conception and selection of microorganisms. J. Food Sci. 43 1158-1161. 

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