Bioassay biomarker

Ma, M., Li, J., and Wang, Z.J. (2005). Assessing the detoxication efficiencies of wastewater treatment processes using a battery of bioassays/biomarkers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49, 480-487. 

Damasio J, Tauler R, Teixido E, Rieradevall M, Prat N, Riva MC, Soares AMVM, Barata C (2008) Combined use of Daphnia magna in situ bioassays, biomarkers and biological indices to diagnose and identify environmental pressures on invertebrate communities in two Mediterranean urbanized and industrialized rivers (NE Spain). Aquat Toxicol 87 (4) 310-320... 

Hansen PD, Blasco J, de Vails A et al (2007) Biological analysis (bioassays, biomarkers, biosensors). In Barcelo D, Petrovic M (eds) Sustainable management of sediment resources. Sediment quality and impact assessment of pollutants. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam... 

In subsequent chapters, we provide an overview of SPMD fundamentals and applications (Chapter 2) the theory and modeling which includes the extrapolation of SPMD concentrations to ambient environmental concentrations (Chapter 3) study considerations such as the necessary precautions and procedures during SPMD transport, deployment, and retrieval (Chapter 4) the analytical chemistry and associated quality control for the analysis of SPMD dialysates or extracts (Chapter 5) a survey and brief description of bioassays-biomarkers used to screen the toxicity of SPMD environmental extracts (Chapter 6) discussions on how HOC concentrations in SPMDs may or may not relate to similarly exposed biomonitoring organisms (Chapter 7) and selected examples of environmental studies using SPMDs (Chapter 8). In addition, two appendices are included which provide... 

The diverse nature of soil contamination means that it is currently not possible to recommend a single assay for soil quality assessments in all circumstances. A suite of assays is likely to be the most useful approach. Within the suite, complementary methods applicable for a range of contaminants at different concentration levels and in a range of soils are needed. These include bioassay/biomarker/ biosensor methods that ... 

The weight-of-evidence approach (WOE) is becoming increasingly important for ERA in terrestrial ecosystems. There is a broad range of bioassays, biomarkers and ecological field parameters applicable. Different kinds of implementation levels... 

The toxicology of PCBs is complex and not fully understood. Coplanar PCBs interact with the Ah-receptor, with consequent induction of cytochrome P4501A1/2 and Ah-receptor-mediated toxicity. Induction of P4501A1 provides the basis of valuable biomarker assays, including bioassays such as CALUX. Certain PCBs, for example, 3,3, 4,4 -TCB, are converted to monohydroxymetabolites, which act as thyroxine antagonists. PCBs can also cause immunotoxicity (e.g., in seals). 

The advantages of combining toxicity testing with chemical analysis when dealing with complex mixtures of environmental chemicals are clearly evident. More useful information can be obtained than would be possible if one or the other were to be used alone. However, chemical analysis can be very expensive, which places a limitation on the extent to which it can be used. There has been a growing interest in the development of new, cost-effective biomarker assays for assessing the toxicity of mixtures. Of particular interest are bioassays that incorporate mechanistic... 

Thns far, the discussion has dealt primarily with biomarker responses in living organisms. In the next section, consideration will be given to the exploitation of this principle in the development of bioassay systems that can be nsed in environmental monitoring and environmental risk assessment. 

Particular attention is given to the development of new mechanistic biomarker assays and bioassays that can be used as indices of the toxicity of mixtures. These biomarker assays are typically based on toxic mechanisms such as brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition, vitamin K antagonism, thyroxin antagonism, Ah-receptor-mediated toxicity, and interaction with the estrogenic receptor. They can give integrative measures of the toxicity of mixtures of compounds where the components of the mixture share the same mode of action. They can also give evidence of potentiation as well as additive toxicity. 

Barata C, Damasio J, Lopez MA, Kuster M, De Alda ML, Barcelo D, Riva MC, Raldua D (2007) Combined use of biomarkers and in situ bioassays in Daphnia magna to monitor environmental hazards of pesticides in the field. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(2) 370-379... 

For standardised instrumental analytical methods, i.e. biomarkers, biosensors and bioassays, there are well-established standard protocols on the national level, e.g. under Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), British Standard Institute (BSI), DIN (German Organisation for Standardisation), etc., and all those standards are formed by ISO-Working Groups and by validation studies into ISO - and CEN - Standards. Normal accredited and well-qualified laboratories should be able to perform the monitoring. 

The ISO protocol for the biochemical response EROD (ISO 23893-2/AWI) as a recent example of a bioanalytical (biomarker) [49,50] method standardised under ISO for fish needs harmonisation with the other test systems and between the laboratories (users) before implementation. Use of biomarkers (biochemical responses) in multi-arrays for environmental monitoring according to Hansen et al. [50] is complementary to chemical analysis since they can alert for the presence of ecotoxic compounds. Bringing into the WFD, the effect-related approaches concerning bioassays and biomarkers are only relevant in the context of the QN of environmental relevant substances and the good chemical status. But it is rather difficult to transfer the monitored biochemical responses or biomarkers into an operational effect-related standard. They serve as the basis for environmental protection against hazardous substances. In relation to... 

Conceptually, SPMD data fills a gap between exposure assessments based on direct analytical measurement of total residues in water and air, and the analysis of residues present in biomonitoring organisms. SPMDs provide a biomimetic approach (i.e., processes in simple media that mimic more complex biological processes) for determining ambient HOC concentrations, sources, and gradients. Residues accumulated in SPMDs are representative of their environmental bioavailability (see Section 1.1.) in water and air and the encounter-volume rate as defined by Landrum et al. (1994) is expected to be proportional to the uptake rate. SPMD-based estimates of water concentrations can be readily compared to aquatic toxicity data (generally based on dissolved phase concentrations) and SPMD extracts can be used to screen for toxic concentrations of HOCs using bioassays or biomarker tests. 

Establish a eomprehensive set of bioassays and biomarkers that will provide added value to the risk management proeess when eonsidering the disposal of dredged sediments. 

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