Binder strength

Biblos and Coleman investigated another type of potential structural composite product (53). They made and tested panels consisting of a particleboard core from sawdust and bark and faces of veneer. All material was southern pine, and 9% urea formaldehyde served as binder. Strength tests indicated the composite panels were superior to conventional two-layer floor systems of 1/2-inch plywood plus 5/8-inch particleboard underlayment. 

Recently, the experimental design procedure was applied to low shear wet granulation with a factorial design used to evaluate the influence of such factors as binder strength and agitator speed. 

The general form of the curve is followed for virtually all particle size sols although the actual value of the binder solids maximum varies with particle size. The strength maximum usually occurs at about 70-80% of the maximum possible binder strength for that particle size. This is indicated in Table 12.3. 

R E. Hostetler, D. Pelletier, C. Cloutie. Effect of drying conditions on the development of binder strength in double coated SBS paperboard. Proc. of TAPPI Coating Conference, 2005. 

Very high strength gels have been made by Shoup from mixtures of potassium sili cate and colloidal silica as described under potassium polysilicate in Chapter 2, Refs. 97 and 98. Such compositions may have high binder strength in cases where the residual potassium salt is permissible. 

This is used extensively for qualitative analysis, for it is a rapid process and requires simple apparatus. The adsorbent is usually a layer, about 0 23 mni. thick, of silica gel or alumina, with an inactive binder, e.g. calcium sulphate, to increase the strength of the layer.. A. i i slurry of the absorbent and methanol is commonly coated on glass plates (5 20 cm. or 20 x 20 cm.), but microscope... 

Acryhc modifiers for cement impact strength and adhesion to substrates are discussed in reference 211. Both water-soluble acryhc and acryhc emulsion polymers are used in the ceramic industry as temporary binders, deflocculants, and additive components in ceramic bodies and glazes (212) (see Ceramcs). 

Uniaxial pressing is the method most widely used to impart shape to ceramic powders (24). Binders, lubricants, and other additives are often incorporated into ceramic powders prior to pressing to provide strength and assist in particle compaction (25). Simple geometries such as rectangular... 

Other patents (81,82) coveted the preparation of cellulose solutions using NMMO and speculated about their use as dialysis membranes, food casings (sausage skins), fibers, films, paper coatings, and nonwoven binders. NMMO emerged as the best of the amine oxides, and its commercial potential was demonstrated by American Enka (83,84). Others (85) have studied the cellulose-NMMO system in depth one paper indicates that further strength increases can be obtained by adding ammonium chloride or calcium chloride to the dope (86). 

Glass-Based Grades. Grade G-3 is glass fabric with phenohc resin binder which shows high impact and flexural strength. It is used for thermal and mechanical apphcations and has good dimensional stabihty. 

Grade G-9, glass fabric with moisture-resistant melamine resin binder, is similar to Grade G-5 but with better electric strength properties under wet conditions. Electrical appHcations should be limited to operating temperatures of 50°C (122°F) or less. 

Grade G-10, glass fabric with epoxy resin binder, has extremely high mechanical strength (flexural, impact, and bonding) at room temperature and good dielectric loss and electric strength properties under both dry and humid conditions. 

Grade G-11, glass fabric with heat-resistant epoxy resin binder, has properties similar to those of Grade G-10 at room temperature and, in addition, has high retention of flexural strength at elevated temperatures. 

Nylon Cloth Grade with Phenolic Resin Binder. Grade N-1 has excellent electrical properties under high humidity conditions and good impact strength, but is subject to flow or creep under load, especially at temperatures higher than normal. 

Water-based flexo inks can be formulated with either a soluble toner or with the Day-Glo EPX Series which is a tme pigment and can be formulated like a conventional pigment dispersion. The Radiant Aquabest or the Day-Glo WST can be formulated in an alkaline water-soluble system to yield strong inks. They have limited shelf life and inferior fade, but do not necessarily requite additional binder. Day-Glo EPX must be formulated with a binder such as a hard resin or can be used with one of the soluble toners such as WST. The EPX Series has several advantages over soluble toners such as much superior fade, exceUent ink stabiHty, and some hiding power over kraft-type papers. A disadvantage of the EPX is its lower tinctorial strength than other fluorescent toners. 

Saturation bonding is used in conjunction with processes that require rapid binder addition, such as card-bond systems, and for fabfic appHcations that require strength and maximum fiber encapsulation, such as carrier fabrics. Eiber encapsulation is achieved by totally immersing the web in a binder... 

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