Berkeley

The programs DRFLA for vapor-liquid and DRELI for liquid-liquid calculations are written in FORTRAN IV source language for the CDC 6400 of the Computer Center, University of California, Berkeley. Minor modifications, mostly with regard to input and output, will be required for implementation on most other computer systems. 

Loeb L B 1960 Basic Processes of Gaseous Electronics 2nd edn (Berkeley, CA University of California)... 

David Chandler, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 

Gr. technetos, artificial) Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Eawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial material have been made. Finally in 1962, technetium-99 was isolated and identified in African pitchblende (a uranium rich ore) in extremely minute quantities as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 by B.T. Kenna and P.K. Kuroda. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. 

In 1969 Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K.A.Y. Eskola, and P.E. Eskola of the University of California at Berkeley reported that they had positively identified two, and possibly three, isotopes of Element 104. The group indicated that, after repeated attempts, they produced isotope 260-104 reported by the Dubna groups in 1964. 

The discoveries at Berkeley were made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with 12C nuclei of 71 MeV, and 13C nuclei of 69 MeV. The combination of 12C with 249Cf followed by instant emission of four neutrons produced Element 257-104. This isotope has a half-life of 4 to 5 s. 

Thousands of atoms of 257-104 and 259-104 have ben detected. The Berkeley group believes their identification of 258-104 is correct, but attaches less confidence to this work than to their work on 257-104 and 259-104. 

The claims for discovery and the naming of Element 104 are still in question. The Berkeley group proposes for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest R. Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. Meanwhile, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics has proposed using the neutral temporary name, unnilquadium. 

In September 1974, workers of the Eawrence Berkeley and Eivermore Eaboratories also claimed creation Element 106 "without any scientific doubt." The EBE and EEE Group used the Super HIE AG to accelerate 180 ions onto a 249Gf target. 

Other experiments were made to aid in confirmation of the discovery. Neither the Dubna team nor the Berkeley-Eivermore Group has proposed a name as of yet for element 106 (unnilhexium). 

Gonfirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254-102 with a 55-s half-life, 252-102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257-102 with a 23-s half-life. 

Following tradition giving the right to name an element to the discoverer(s), the Berkeley group in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium along with the symbol No, be retained. 

Planet pluto) Plutonium was the second transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. The isotope 238pu was produced in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium, by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present. 

Albert Einstein) Einsteinium, the seventh transuranic element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley in December 1952 in debris from the first large thermonuclear explosion, which took place in the Pacific in November, 1952. The 20-day 253Es isotope was produced. 

Dmitri Mendeleev) Mendelevium, the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series discovered, was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg in early in 1955 during the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 76 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis. 

In 1967, Flerov and associates at the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a half-life of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257-103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr. 

In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Thiorso and associates at Berkeley used a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent — completing each extraction in about 30 s. 

Gilbert Newton Lewis (born Weymouth Massachusetts 1875 died Berkeley Califor nia 1946) has been called the greatest American chemist The January 1984 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education contains five articles describing Lewis s life and contributions to chemistry... 

CAVEAT database generator for new ligands P. Bartiett at University of California, Berkeley... 

L. H. Lesko, King Tufs Wine CeUar, B. C. Scribe PubHcations, Berkeley, Calif., 1977. 

L. CrandaH, Production ofBerkelium and Californium, Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 97 and 98 held on January 20, 1975, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratoy, Report HBL-4566. Available as TID 4500-R64 from National Technical Information Center, Springfield, Va., 1975. 

T. R. Gibbs and A. Popolato, eds., EASE Explosive Property Data, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1980. 

K. W. RendeU, in E. Berkeley, Jr., eP, Autographs and Manuscripts A Collectors Manual, Charles Scribner, New York, 1978. 

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