Benzyl paraben

Prepfos. See Pentasodium triphosphate Preserval B. See Benzyl paraben Preserval Butilique. See Butylparaben Preserval E. See Ethyl paraben Preserval M. See Methylparaben Preserval P. See Propylparaben Press-Aid SP] Press-Aid XP. See Synthetic wax... 

Benzyl benzoate p-Cresyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzophenone 4 -Phenoxyacetophenone 1,4,4a,9a-Tetrahydro-9,10-anthracenedione C14H12O3 Benzophenone-3 Benzyl paraben Benzylsalicylate p-Cresyl salicylate C14H12O4 Benzophenone-8 C14H12O6S Benzophenone-4 C14H12O6S Na Benzophenone-5 C14H14 Di benzyl C14H14CI2N2O Imazalil... 

Perfumes, Flavors, Cosmetics, and Soap. Many naturally occurring esters in essential oils and some synthetic esters are important fragrance and flavor compounds (61,62). They are used in perfumes, flavors, cosmetics, soaps, detergents, and air fresheners. Benzyl, butyl, ethyl, methyl, and phenyl esters of benzoic acid are used as flavors, perfumes, and food preservatives. Glyceryl 4-aminobenzoate [136-44-7] and 2-ethyUiexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate [21245-02-3] are used in cosmetic sunscreen preparations. Alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, called parabens, have been used under various names for fungus infections of the skin, and as preservatives in lotions and creams (101). Soap and cosmetic fragrances use large amounts of amyl and benzyl saHcylate. Benzyl saHcylate [118-58-1] is also used in deodorant sprays. 2-Ethylhexyl saHcylate [118-60-5] and 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate [5466-77-3] are used in sunscreen formulations (102). 

Before releasing a process column for chromatography, it is advisable to perform some test to measure efficiency, such as calculating height equivalent theoretical plates (HETP), both to forestall any problems in the column bed and to provide a benchmark by which to measure column reproducibility and predict degradation of the bed or material. Examples of compounds that are relatively innocuous for use in pharmaceutical applications are 1% NaCl (for gel filtration), concentrated buffer solutions (for ion exchange), and benzyl alcohol and parabens for reverse phase LC.10... 

IM administration Reconstitute cefepime with the following diluents Sterile Water for Injection, 0.9% Sodium Chloride, 5% Dextrose Injection, 0.5% or 1 % lidocaine hydrochloride, or Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection with parabens or benzyl alcohol. 

The parabens also show increased binding affinity with increased chain length. Thus, 2-ethylhexyl, heptyl, and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoates showed greater affinity for the ER than those with shorter side chains (butyl, propyl, ethyl, and methyl 4-hydroxybenzoates). 

Preservative agents are added to injectable preparations when multiple dosing is expected out of the same unit. Examples of preservatives used in injectable preparations include phenol, benzyl alcohol, methyl and ethyl parabens, and benzalkonium... 

Benzyl alcohol Preservative Methyl paraben Preservative... 

Hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone-17-valerate, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, betamethasone-17-valerate, clobetasol- 17-propionate and preservatives (parabenes, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid, chlorocresol) Innovatech SCX/C18, Hypersil ODS-1, ODS-2, 3 pm... 

Flow rate 3.0 ml/min. Solutes A = resorcinol B = theophylline C = phenol D = benzyl alcohol E = caffeine F = methyl paraben G = benzonitrile H = nitrobenzene I = cortisone J = propyl paraben K = ramrod L = butyl paraben M = chioro-isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) N = progesterone. Figure taken from ref. [627]. Reprinted with permission. 

For this reason, a drug product that is to be used multiple times (multidose) must contain a preservative to prevent bacterial growth. A list of preservatives that have been used in pharmaceutical formulations is shown in Table 2. However, most of these are not usually compatible with protein formulations. Some, such as the parabens, are not active in the presence of nonionic surfactants—excipients that are typically required in protein formulations.Others may not be acceptable for a particular route of administration. Benzalkonium chloride, a commonly used preservative in topical formulations, causes ototoxicity when applied to the ear. As with buffering species, the list of preservatives available to the formulation scientist quickly narrows to just a few compounds including benzyl alcohol, phenol, w-cresol, and benzethonium chloride. A benzyl alcohol-containing formulation of epoetin alfa has been shown to be stable, even when dispensed in plastic syringes. ... 

Benzyl alcohol is the most common antimicrobial preservative present in parenteral formulations (Table 5). This observation is consistent with other surveys. ° Parabens are the second most common preservatives. Surprisingly, thimerosal is also common, especially in vaccines, even though some individuals are sensitive to mercuries. Several preservatives can volatilize easily (such as benzyl alcohol, and phenol) and, therefore, should not be used for lyophilized dosage form. Chlorocresol is purported to be a good preservative... 

Benzyl chloride Butyl paraben Caldiamide sodium Calteridol calcium Cellulose (microcrystalline)... 

A typical formulation might include up to 2%i polax-amer 188, up to 0.5% polysorbate 80, up to 0.1% sodium cholate, and up to 1% lecithin, or 3-10%i phospholipids or lecithin. Typically, lipids are more easily processed by homogenization than by bead milling. Nanosuspensions can be preserved with, for example, benzyl alcohol, or methyl paraben and propyl paraben. ... 

Methylparaben and propylparaben are affirmed GRAS Direct Food Substances in the USA at levels up to 0.1%. All esters except the benzyl ester are allowed for injection in Japan. In cosmetics, the EU and Brazil allow use of each paraben at 0.4%, but the total of all parabens may not exceed 0.8%. The upper limit in Japan is 1.0%. 

Surfactants may be included in an ophthalmic suspension to disperse the drug effectively during manufacture and in the product during use. Non-ionic surfactants are generally preferred because they tend to be less toxic. The level of surfactant included in the formulation should be carefully evaluated, as excessive amounts can lead to irritation in the eye, foaming during manufacture and upon shaking the product, or interactions with other excipients. The most likely interaction is with the preservative. For example, polysorbate 80 interacts with chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, parabens and phenyl ethanol and may result in a reduced preservative effectiveness in the product. 

Abbreviations BA benzyl alcohol BHT butylated hydroxytoluene BKC benzalkonium chloride BzCI benethonium chloride CCS croscarmellose sodium cit citric acid dex dextrose IPM isopropyl myristate KP potassium phosphates MCC microcrystalline cellulose MeC methyl cellulose MePB methyl parabens Mr relative molecular mass NaCit Na citrate NaCMC Na carboxymethylcellulose Na2edta disodium edetate NaP sodium phosphate PEG polyethylene glycol PE-OH phenylethyl alcohol PG propylene glycol pov povidone PrPB propyl parabens SAI steroidal anti-inflammatory Tw Tween (polysorbate)... 

Preservatives Antimicrobial Benzalkonium chloride Benzyl alcohol Chlorhexidine Imidazolidinyl urea Phenol Potassium sorbate 1 Benzoic acid Bronopol Chlorocresol Paraben esters Phenoxyethanol Sorbic acid Antioxidants a-Tocopherol Ascorbic acid Ascorbyl palmitate Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylated hydroxytoluene Sodium ascorbate Sodium metabisulphite Chelating agents Citric acid Edetic acid... 

A. Parenteral. Physostigmine salicylate (Antilirium), 1 mg/mL in 1-mL syringes and 2-mL vials (contains benzyl alcohol and bisulfite). Neostigmine methyl-sulfate (Prostigmine, others), 1 1000, 1 2000, 1 4000 in 1- and 10-mL ampules and vials (contain parabens). 

In the ICDRG standard series, the parabens are tested as a mixture of 3% of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and benzyl-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a total of 15% in petrolatum which may be irritating and enhance the occurrence of multiple false positive patch tests (angry back) (Mitchell 1977). 

Alcohol Benzoic acid Benzyl alcohol Calcium chloride Heptyl paraben Hexamethylenetetramine Lactic acid Methylparaben Myristalkonium chloride ... 

Benzoic acid Benzyl alcohol Benzylhemiformal BHA Bromochlorophene 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol Butyl benzoate Butylparaben Calcium benzoate Calcium disodium EDTA Calcium paraben Calcium propionate Calcium salicylate Calcium sorbate... 

Potassium butyl paraben C11H14O2 Benzyl butyrate Benzyl isobutyrate Butyl benzoate 4-t-Butylbenzoic acid a,a-Dimethylphenethyl formate Ethyl-3-phenylpropionate Hydratropyl acetate Hydrocinnamyl acetate Isobutyl benzoate Isopropyl phenylacetate 4-p-Methoxyphenyl-2-butanone a-Methylbenzyl propionate Methyl eugenol Methyl isoeugenol Methyl 4-phenyl butyrate Phenethyl propionate Propenylguaethol Propyl phenylacetate o-Tolyl isobutyrate p-Tolyl isobutyrate C11H14O3 Anisyl propionate Butylparaben t-Butyl perbenzoate Butyl salicylate Isobutylparaben Isobutyl salicylate Phenoxyethyl propionate Phenylacetaldehyde glyceryl acetal... 

The parabens are a class of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (primarily methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters) that are used as biological preservatives in liquid and semisolid dosage forms.Another preservative often used is benzyl alcohol. Parabens and benzyl alcohol are compendial items. These materials are very stable... 

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