Benefits to Society

A basic assumption is that early disease detection results in a reduced total disease load because disease is treated earlier and more effectively. Unfortunately, for many diseases no effective treatments are known. In place of a reduced disease load, precisely the opposite may occur, namely, a sharp rise in total identified disease merely because of incresised rate of diagnosis. However, evaluation of early diagnosis cannot be made on a short-term basis, since an increase in reported and treated disease now may result in a decline later. A reduced disease load therefore may not be observed for several decades. 

The one conclusion which is inescapable, however, is that cost reduction must be evaluated against total health care delivery costs. Does screening reduce the total bill This again requires experiments on a sufficiently large scale and sophisticated statistical analysis. 

Since the real aim in a health care-health research system is to reduce suffering and unhappiness, these parameters must enter into system judgments. The patient reassurance aspect of mass screening is an important part 

Benefits to Research, Medical, and Decision-Making Communities 

The credibility of the research community rests on the degree to which the gaps between the possible and the actual are closed. It has 

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The objective of economic evaluations of health and social care interventions is to inform decision-makers about the relative costs and benefits to society of two or more methods of providing care. In the context of dementia these may be comparisons of different drug therapies (pharmacoeconomic... 

With such exemptions, innovative chemicals can be produced to explore the commercial market and to test product viability. Knowledge of their economics and potential for different applications can be expanded. These exemptions will lessen the cost of market failures. Successful chemicals will not have to bear the additional PMN cost of unsuccessful market tests. As new substances demonstrate their value to society and find a secure place in the market, they can then begin to absorb some of the costs associated with the PMN requirements. There would indeed be a chance for regaining much of the strength of an innovative chemical industry with all of its attendant benefits to society within the context of TSCA and the intent of Congress expression of the will of the American public when it it was passed with the support of the chemical industry in 1976. 

The need for replacements of objects currently derived from nonregenerable materials (most plastics, rubbers, elastomers, metals) with objects derived from regenerable materials is critical and must be continually emphasized 1n our research efforts. It 1s the editor s opinion that this 1s one of the future areas of science which offers the greatest lasting benefits to society. 

On the allocative efficiency of pharmaceutical research, there are theoretical reasons why there could be either under- or overinvestment in research. On the one hand, research activities, and particularly basic research, generate substantial positive externalities in that their total benefits to society exceed those accruing to the particular firm. As a result, firms do not incorporate their full measure of benefits when making their investment decisions. 

Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2003c. The Benefits to Society of New Drugs A Survey of the Econometric Evidence. Proceedings of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (September) 43-59. 

A basic premise of this paper is that prescription (or ethical) drugs have been providing and will continue to provide a benefit to society. The important thing about drug innovation should be that it is a benefit to societal health, not that it possibly means the financial growth of drug firms. 

While these regulations are of undoubted benefit to society and the environment at large, the time and costs associated with developing and registering new biocides is often financially prohibitive, much to the detriment of the overall marketplace and the cooling system operator. As a consequence, the water treatment industry has not seen much new or genuinely innovative biocidal technology in many years. There have been some new products, of course [2-(decylthio)ethanamine (DTEA)] is an example and is discussed later in Section 6.3.3], but much of what is currently offered are merely permutations and derivations of chemistries that have been available for perhaps 15 to 20 years or more. 

Toxins and other natural products generally provide great benefit to society. For example, some of the most widely used drugs and therapeutics like streptomycin, the aminoglycoside antibiotic from soil bacteria, and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory from willow tree bark, are used by millions of people everyday to improve health and well-being. On the other hand, adverse encounters with toxins like fish and shellfish toxins, plant, and insect toxins do result in harm to humans. 

Cost-benefit analysis A quantitative evaluation and decision-making technique where comparisons are made between the costs of a proposed regulatory action on the use of a substance or chemical with the overall benefits to society of the proposed action often converting both the estimated costs and benefits into health and monetary units. 

Also, those recommending standards need to explain how failure should be defined and determined and so help estimate the potential extent of failure in the environment That is, what percentage of water bodies fail a particular standard This is required, in principle, even if there is little hope that money will be found to make estimates of actual compliance. It is a first step toward knowing who is causing failure and so to an estimate of the costs and benefits to society of using the standard. 

The contribution of different metals and metal compounds to society through socioeconomic development and improvement in the quality of life needs no emphasis. In fact, over the ages, human civilization has wimessed the role of metals in the civilized world as exemplified in the Stone Age, Copper Age, and Bronze Age. Metals and metal compounds have offered benefits to society and their improper use has caused harmful health effects to mankind. 

Despite the above-mentioned hurdles, the benefits to society of polymer-based therapeutics are potentially huge and the investment required is likely to be made in the most promising cases. This will undoubtedly continue to inspire exciting and novel fundamental research in this area. 

The chemical industry has a long history of product and process innovation and has provided enormous benefits to society. Since the late 19th century the industry has continually developed new products and processes, improved its functionality and cost-effectiveness, and displaced many traditional materials. Its products are now integrated into many economic sectors and it has a history of collaborating with its customers to develop innovative solutions. As a result there has been a dramatic increase in the use of chemicals and plastics, and these have provided tremendous cost savings as well as improved functionality (Sherman, Chapter 4, Section 4.6 of this volume). Safer and more efficient automobiles, and large-scale... 

External Costs of externalities Benefits to local community Benefits to society... 

The pharmacy profession has recognized that the benefits to society greatly exceed the cost of the drugs. The benefits of the drugs and pharmacy care center around an improved quality of life, a decrease in overall healthcare expenditures, and an increased life span. ... 

The perspective of society is the broadest of all perspectives because it is the only one that considers the benefit to society as a whole. Theoretically, all direct and indirect costs are included in an economic evaluation performed from a societal perspective. Costs from this perspective include patient morbidity and mortality and the overall costs of giving and receiving medical care. An evaluation from this perspective also would include aU the important consequences an individual could experience. In countries with nationalized medicine, society is the predominant perspective. 

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