Baseline standard

Although much work needs to be done in developing organic regulatory structures at an international level that are truly sensitive to the needs of producers and the local realities that they face, a harmonised standards architecture based on general baseline standards upon which local or regional standards can be fleshed out, along with an allowance for justified variations, offer useful models and tools that can be built upon. 

The Code is intended to define universally applicable baseline standards of marketing practices. With respect to gift-giving and hospitality these are ... 

The Frankfort LPA instrument (51-53) departs from both of these instruments in two principal ways it achieves the necessary path length within a 6-m folded-path cell, and it rapidly scans a narrow-band frequency-doubled dye laser across the spectral region of interest (the Qi(2) line group) in a process sometimes called differential optical absorption spectrometry (DOAS). The scanning rate is sufficient to ensure that the observed air volume is chemically and physically stationary during each scan (the baseline standard deviation is less than 2 x 10-4 for a 0.2-ms scan). The laser output is actively feedback-stabilized to provide a flat spectral baseline, and a detection limit better than 10"5 in optical density has been claimed. A summary of published LPA configurations is given in Table II. 

Figure 8. Dependence of baseline standard deviation on sampling interval for LPA-DOAS determination of HO near 308 nm. (Reproduced with permission from reference 51. Copyright 1990.)...

Provide a baseline standard that will result in reciprocity between certification agencies accredited according to these standards and provide the basis for the negotiation of additional standards recognition agreements between accredited certification agencies. 

Garston-Smith (1997) An independent review for assessing compliance with software requirements, specifications, baselines, standards, or procedures. 

Perkin Elmer model 403) using the pure solvent as a baseline. Standards made up in the pure solvent are us for calibration, and the method of standard additions is used to monitor recovery eflBciency. 

A minimum of 15 subjects per group is recommended, as is the use of a control product. Hence, if one test product is used, a minimum of 30 subjects should be employed (15 for the test product and 15 for the control product). This is a statistically adequate number, in most cases, to detect true differences between the test and control products after washes 1 and 5, as well as the microbial reduction counts from baseline after washes 1 and 5. A caveat is that the baseline standard deviation value must be less than 0.5 log. If the standard deviation is greater, it will be difficult to detect a true difference between the test and control products after washes 1 and 5. It will also be more difficult to detect true microbial reductions from the baseline values after wash samples 1 and 5. Hence, using a larger sample size is in the best interest of the product manufacturers. 

Formal audits must be objective and all findings must be based on observed, verifiable facts. Ideally, two auditors would reach the same conclusions when asked to analyze the same situation with regard to the same baseline standard. If the auditor does provide an opinion, it should be very clear that he or she is doing so. 

TWI has its roots in the hands-on, massive work training effort required during World War II. It has taken on new life with the lean community s understanding of the requirement for baseline standards against which to measure your lean gains. This old concept of standards for the methods used for hands-on work and the training to perform those tasks has been extrapolated into standard work for managers—a relatively new concept. 

Water-pollution laws in the United States, since adoption of the Glean Water Act of 1972, begin with the baseline standard that the discharge of any pollutant by any person into any navigable waterway, or tributary flowing into a navigable waterway, is prohibited. Since immediate adherence to this standard could prove physically and economically infeasible, the law then provides that any exception must be authorized by a permit, issued under the National... 

LOCC water blanks are run between sets of standards and samples to give an analysis baseline. If samples containing dissolved organic carbon in excess of 400 pmol/L DOC are to be analysed, a significant amount of sample carryover may be encountered, and two LOCC water samples in succession may be required to establish a true baseline. Standards are usually run after every ten samples and an example of a typical trace from an analysis is shown in Fig. 16-6. 

Photoelectric safety devices are safety components , as defined in the Supply of Machinery Safety Regulations 1992. A notified body, who will use BS EN 61496 as the baseline standard, must therefore check their conformity with the Regulations. The standard lays down general requirements for electrosensitive protective equipment, in Part 1, with Part 2 specifying particular requirements for photoelectric systems. For example, the standard specifies two types of device according to their fault tolerance. Type 2 and Type 4 ... 

In order to guide the safety assessment process, it is necessary firstly to define the criteria used to judge the acceptability of hazards. These definitions are fundamental to understanding the data presented, as the resultant safety acceptance criteria form the baseline standards against which the system is then evaluated in the final system safety assessment (SSA) report. For more information, see Chapter 5 and Appendix B. 

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