Barnacles

An important and expensive problem in surface science occurs in the prevention of the attachment of marine animals such as barnacles to ship surfaces, a process known as biofouling. Baier and Meyer [159] have shown that the Zisman plot can be used to predict biofouling, thus avoiding costly field tests to find a successful coating to prevent biofouling. 

Most surfaces in prolonged contact with seawater and freshwater are susceptible to the attachment of marine growths, eg, algae and barnacles. 

Biofouling. Organisms present in the fluid stream are attracted to the warm heat-transfer surface where they attach, grow, and reproduce. The two subgroups are microbiofoulants such as shme and algae and macrobiofoulants such as snails and barnacles. 

Cyprid major protein is a larval storage protein necessary for successful metamorphosis. " Production of cyprid major protein was increased in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite following exposure to both nonylphenol and estradiol, suggesting that it may be a potential biomarker of estrogen exposure in invertebrates such as barnacles. " "... 

Pitting Environments. In ordinary sea water the dissolved oxygen in the water is sufficient to maintain passivity, whereas beneath a barnacle or other adhering substance, metal becomes active since the rate of oxygen replenishment is too slow to maintain passivity, activation and pitting result. 

In sea-water systems such attack may occur under dead barnacles or shellfish, the decomposing organic matter assisting corrosion. Pitting is most likely to occur in polluted in-shore waters, particularly when hydrogen sulphide is present. In such contaminated waters non-protective sulphide scales are formed and these tend to stimulate attack. 

X. Pitting under decaying barnacles, shell fish br other deposits. ... 

Resistance to marine organisms. In the case of submarine lines, the coating should not be easily penetrated by marine life, e.g. mussels, borers, barnacles, etc. 

These same diamine materials find further application in, for example, formulations for mussel and barnacle control in large once-through, condenser cooling systems, as corrosion inhibitors and biostats for hydrostatic testing of oil and gas pipelines, and as corrosion inhibitors in food industry retort cookers. 

Marine fouling, namely, the attachment of such marine organisms as barnacles, algae, tubeworms, hydroids, and sponges to a surface im-... 

Atienzar FA, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH (2002) 4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-beta estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae. Environ Pollut 120 735-738... 

Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Matsumura K, Depledge MH (2000) Induction of cypris major protein in barnacle larvae by exposure to 4-n-nonylphenol and 17 beta-oestradiol. Aquat Toxicol 47 203-212... 

Another barnacle species, Elminius modestus, was found to produce mono and trihydroxy fatty acids [146]. Analysis of the extract of whole animal homogenates by TLC provided two hatching factor active bands. The more polar band was tentatively identified as a trihydroxy fatty acid (THFA) band. The less polar band had an / r value similar to a 5-HETE standard. The compounds from this latter band were eluted from the TLC plate, methylated, and trimethylsilylated. GC-MS analysis detected several HEPE s and small amounts of monohydroxy derivatives of Ci8 1, C18 2, and C22 fatty acids. Hydrogenation and subsequent GC-MS analysis allowed identification of the major compound as 8-HEPE (ca. 70%). Five to ten percent of 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE and minor amounts of 5-, 6-, 12-, and 13-HEPE were also detected. No stereochemical features of these oxylipins were determined. 

Ten barnacle species, including the two above, were assayed for hatching factor activity and the presence of monohydroxy fatty acids (MHFA) and THFA bands [147]. The other eight species were Balanus crenatus, B. balanus, B. hameri, B. amphitrite, B. perforatus, Chthalamus montagui, Pollicipes pollicipes, and Lepas anatifera. All ten showed both MHFA and THFA bands. 

Barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides-, 20-90 pg/L for 100 days Dose-dependent increase in copper loadings in bodies and egg masses 84... 

Transfer of copper from wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) occurs in estuarine algae (Ulva, Enteromorpha), American oysters, mud snails (Nassarius obsoletus), and fiddler crabs (IJca spp. Weis and Weis 1992). Algae, barnacles, andmussels from CCA-treated lumber show elevated concentrations of copper when compared to reference sites. The epibiotic estuarine community that... 

Powell, M.L. and K.N. White. 1990. Heavy metal accumulation by barnacles and its implications for their use as biological monitors. Mar. Environ. Res. 30 91-118. 

Among arthropods, pyrophosphate granules isolated from barnacles have the capability to bind and effectively detoxify silver and other metals under natural conditions (Pullen and Rainbow 1991). In a Colorado alpine lake, silver concentrations in caddisflies and chironomid larvae usually reflected silver concentrations in sediments seston, however, showed a high correlation with lake water silver concentrations from 20 days earlier (Freeman 1979). 

Pullen, J.S.H. and P.S. Rainbow. 1991. The composition of pyrophosphate heavy metal detoxification granules in barnacles. Jour. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 150 249-266. 

Zinc added to the ambient water depressed copper accumulations in tissues of juvenile catfish (Clarias lazera), but copper added to the medium depressed zinc uptake (Hilmy et al. 1987b). A similar situation was reported in barnacles (Elminus modestas) however, simultaneous exposure to copper and zinc resulted in enhanced uptake of both metals (Elliott et al. 1985). 

Elliott, N.G., D. A. Ritz, and R. Swain. 1985. Interaction between copper and zinc accumulation in the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin. Mar. Environ. Res. 17 13-17. 

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