Barley vitamins

HV177 Yu Y. M., W. C. Chang, C. T. Chang, C. L. Hsieh, and C. E. Tsai. Effects of young barley leaf extract and antioxidative vitamins on LDL oxidation and free radical scavenging activities in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab... 

Hordeum vulgare L. MaiYa (Barley) (germinated seed) Enzymes such as invertase, amylase, proteinase, vitamin B, vitamin C, maltose, dextrose.33 Improve digestion of carbohydrates and protein. 

Medium vitamin E content (5-50 miUigmms/100 grams). Alfalfa, apple seeds, asparagus, barley, cabbage, chocolate, coconut oil, groundnut (peanut), groundnut (peanut) oil, olive oil, rose hips, soybean (dry), spinach, wheat germ, yeast. 

Good dietary sources of this vitamin are liver, kidney, lean meat, chicken, fish, wheat, barley, rye, green peas, yeast, peanuts, and leafy vegetables. In animal tissues, the predominant form of niacin is the amide. Niacin content of some foods are listed in Table 9-22. 

The vitamin content (Table 1.9) is also interesting, because QS have high levels of vitamin B6 and total folate, whose amounts in 100 g can cover the requirements of children and adults. The riboflavin content in 100 g contributes 80% of the daily needs of children and 40% of those of adults (National Academy of Sciences, 2004). The niacin content does not cover the daily needs, but is beneficial in the diet. Thiamin values in quinoa are lower than those in oat or barley, but those of niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and total folate are higher (Ranhotra et al., 1993 USDA, 2005). 

TABLE 1.9 Vitamin composition quinoa flour, oat, barley (mg/100 g)... 

The primary use of cellulase in the feed industry has been in barley- and wheat-based feeds for broiler chickens and pigs. The barley and wheat contain soluble beta-glucans that increase the viscosity of the feed in the gut of the animal. This, in turn, causes an uptake of water, which decreases the amount of carbohydrate and vitamins that the animal obtains from the feed, as well as causing sticky stool and related problems of disease and effluent disposal [21, 22]. Inclusion of cellulase in the feed, as well as xylanase and other enzymes, helps to overcome these problems. 

Vegetable oils, especially the seed oils, are rich sources of tocopherols. Refining waste from the edible oil industry has emerged as an important raw material for the extraction of vitamin E, and the residues of the soybean refining industry are one such source. Tocotrienols, on the other hand, are found predominantly in palm oil and in cereals such as barley and rice bran oils. With the emergence of palm oil as the second largest edible oil in world markets, technological advances have been made to similarly extract tocotrienol-rich palm vitamin E from the refinery wastes of the industry. The resultant product, often termed palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), is currently available on a commercial scale from Malaysia. A similar tocotrienol-rich vitamin E preparation derived from rice bran oil is also available in the U.S. 

Tocotrienals are the new antioxidants found in the oil fractions of cereal grains. Examples would be wheat, rice, rye, and barley grains. The benefits of tocotrienals are similar to those of tocopherols and vitamin E. They can reduce cholesterol and slow the advance of atherosclerosis and the progress of certain cancers. These nutraceuticals are available as supplements. 

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that works in tandem with vitamin E to combat oxidative stress. You will find both vitamin E and selenium in barley, brown rice, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, gar-banzo beans, pumpkin, and pinto beans. 

Biotin is widely distributed in foods liver, milk, yeast, oilseeds and vegetables are rich sources. However, in some foods, much of the bound vitamin may not be released during digestion and hence may be imavailable. Studies with chicks and pigs have shown that the availability of biotin in barley and wheat is very low, whereas the biotin in maize and certain oilseed meals, such as soya bean meal, is completely available. 

The metabolism of ABA in isolated barley aluerone layers follows the ABA PA- DPA pathway that has been shown to exist in many plant tissues [3, 23]. The biological activities of isolated PA and DPA have been tested in this system. Although DPA has little or no biological activity, PA is as active as ABA, i.e. the GAg-induced a-amylase is effectively inhibited by either PA and ABA, but not by DPA [3]. It has been reported that in animal tissues vitamin D has to be metabolized by hydroxylation in order to become biologically active [4]. Thus, the observation that PA is biologically active has raised the question of whether PA is the active component in ABA action. The metabolism from ABA to PA is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 type monooxygenase with a short-lived intermediate, 6 -hy-droxymethyl ABA [23]. A pretreatment of barley aleurone layers with 10 M ABA for 24 h enhances the tissue s ability to convert [ H]ABA to [ H]PA by 3- to 5-fold... 

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