Barley harvesting

Suzuki T, Kurisa M, Hoshino Y, Ichinoe M, Nose N, Tokumaru Y, Watanabe A (1980) Production of Trichothecene Mycotoxins of Fusarium sp. in Wheat and Barley Harvested in Saitama Prefecture. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 21 43... 

Young, J. C. and Games, D. E. 1994. Analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins by gas chromatography—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. A 663 211—218. Suzuki, T, Kurisu, M., Hoshimo, Y., Ichinoe, M., Nose, N., Tokumaru,Y., andWatanabe, A. 1981. Production of trichothecene mycotoxins of Fusarium species in wheat and barley harvested in Saitama prefecture. J. FoodHyg. Soc. 22 197-205. 

Winter barley is an ideal entry for oilseed rape because the earlier harvest allows early drilling of rape. It has been shown on organic farms that building up fertility by using a green manure crop, such as red clover, has paid off financially, with the subsequent boost in yield of the following cereal crop. 

Chono, M., I. Honda et al. (2006). Field studies on the regulation of abscisic acid content and germinability during grain development of barley Molecular and chemical analysis of pre-harvest sprouting. J. Exp. Bot. 57(10) 2421-2434. 

There is very little information on cultivar differences with respect to (i) resistance to infection by P. verrucosum and (ii) OTA formation (Hokby et al., 1979 Axberg el al., 1997). The latter performed a laboratory experiment with six artificially inoculated cultivars of barley and three of wheat. After incubation for 23 weeks at approximately 19% moisture, the barley cultivars contained between 6 and 350 and the wheat cultivars between 25 and 890 ng OTA g 1 grain. In another study, Elmholt and Rasmussen (2005) reported that two of four cultivars of spring spelt from the same field contained 18 and 92 ng OTA g 1, respectively, while the other two contained less than 0.5 ng OTA g As differences in OTA neither correlated with moisture content at harvest nor with the level of P. verrucosum, they were probably caused by differences in cultivar sensitivity. This should, however, be further studied. 

Hill R A and Lacey J (1983b), The microflora of ripening barley grain and the effects of pre-harvest fungicide application , Annal. Appl. Biol., 102, 455 -65. 

Holmberg T, Breitholtz A, Bengtsson A and Hult K (1990a), Ochratoxin A in swine blood in relation to moisture content in feeding barley at harvest , Acta Agric. Scand., 40, 201-204. 

Langseth W and Stabbetorp H (1996), The effect of lodging and time of harvest on deoxynivalenol contamination in barley and oats , J. Phytopathol., 144, 241-245. 

A plant accumulates nutrients from the soil as it grows. Such accumulation depletes the amount of nutrient remaining in the soil so, harvesting an arable crop, such as maize, barley or com, removes nutrients from the field. A farmer needs to replenish the nutrients continually if the land is not to become exhausted after a few seasons. 

Rye has an energy value intermediate to that of wheat and barley, and the protein content is similar to that of barley and oats. However, its nutritional value is reduced by the presence of several ANFs such as P-glucans and ara-binoxylans which are known to cause increased viscosity of the intestinal contents and reduced digestibility, and other undesirable effects such as an increased incidence of dirty eggs. These effects are more pronounced in hot and dry environments, which accentuate the rate of cereal ripening prior to harvest (Campbell and Campbell, 1989), as occurs in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. Rye may also contain ergot, which is a toxic fungus that reduces poultry health and performance. 

This change in farming practices can also be observed by comparing labor units per hectare of land used in agriculture. In the Federal Republic of Germany, labor unlts/ha were 29 in 1950 and only 7.9 in 1982. This reduction parallels an increase in combine harvested crops, especially winter cereals (wheat and barley). 

The EPA has established a tolerance limit of 0.1 ppm for residues of aluminum phosphide in or on raw agricultural commodities such as almonds, barley, com, dates, rice, sesame seeds, and wheat when it is used as a post-harvest treatment (EPA 1977b). 

Bassi, R. and Simpson D.J. 1987a. Light-harvesting chlorophyll-proteins of barley photosystem I. In Prog. Photosynthesis Res. (Ed. J.Biggins), (Martinus NijhofFPubl., Dordrecht, Netherlands). Vol. II, 61-64. 

Simpson, D.J. 1979. Freeze-fracture studies on barley plastid membranes. III. Location of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 44, 305-336. 

Straw is the general term for those parts of a cereal plant left over after the grains or seeds have been removed. It consists largely of the dry stalk or stem, and some leaves. During the harvest of such crops as wheat, rye, barley, com, or oats, straw is usually whatever is left behind in the field. It has historically been used in a variety of ways, and was regarded as an important product of the harvest... 

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