Artificial inoculation

There is very little information on cultivar differences with respect to (i) resistance to infection by P. verrucosum and (ii) OTA formation (Hokby et al., 1979 Axberg el al., 1997). The latter performed a laboratory experiment with six artificially inoculated cultivars of barley and three of wheat. After incubation for 23 weeks at approximately 19% moisture, the barley cultivars contained between 6 and 350 and the wheat cultivars between 25 and 890 ng OTA g 1 grain. In another study, Elmholt and Rasmussen (2005) reported that two of four cultivars of spring spelt from the same field contained 18 and 92 ng OTA g 1, respectively, while the other two contained less than 0.5 ng OTA g As differences in OTA neither correlated with moisture content at harvest nor with the level of P. verrucosum, they were probably caused by differences in cultivar sensitivity. This should, however, be further studied. 

Practically all the coffee planted commercially comes from seed, except in the rather limited Robusta-growing region of Java where grafted plants are used. Coffee seeds are planted in seedbeds and are treated in about the same way all over the tropics. The mature and apparently healthy fruits are selected and the seeds are pressed out, washed and dried in the shade, and planted rather soon, because coffee seed viability is lost within a comparatively short while. Handled in this manner, the chances are lessened that coffee diseases will be carried by seeds. However, it has been proved experimentally that infected plants can be produced from seeds contaminated with both the coffee Colletotrichum and the coffee Cercospora from either field material or artificial inoculation. This contamination is probably not uncommon in plantation practice and thus far it is not of extreme importance. The Hemileia rust is probably not carried on the seed (93). The American leaf spot is not carried on seed (97). 

Salmonellae were frequently isolated from raw material prior to the ATD process but none from the digested sludge. It is however of particular interest to follow the elimination of Salmonellae from the digested material. For this reason a separate experiment including artificial inoculation with several Salmonella serotypes was performed. 

Significant increases have been reported in length of root tissue colonized hyp. annosus when artificially inoculated ponderosa and Jeffry pine seedlings were fumigated with ozone at 431 Mg/m (0.22 ppm) and 888 (0.45 ppm) 12 h/day for 58 and 87 days. ... 

In experiments conducted in Burgenland, Austria, it was found that artificial inoculation of ripening berries with a Botrytis spore suspension... 

Findings from a study done on acid-adapted Salmonella to lactic acid rinses from artificially inoculated beef muscle slices showed that acid-adapted strains were not any more resistant to acid decontamination than parental strains (Dickson and Kunduru, 1995). In a study done by Steiner and Sauer (2003), the overexpression of the ATP-dependent heli-case RecG was found to increase resistance to weak organic acids in E. coli. This was achieved by reduction of the toxic effects of the organic acids, reduction of the effects of the synthetic uncouplers (CCCP and DNP), and a reduction of the ATPase and cytochrome c inhibitor azide as a result of a decrease in pH or available ATP. In LAB, resistance mechanisms to... 

Eventually, the biocontrol work and the chemical investigations on T. harzianum between New Zealand and the United States meshed, so that in 1993 large scale trials were instituted with 6-PAP on stored kiwifruit that had been artificially inoculated with B. cinerea at harvest. In both sets of trials, the fruits were hand harvested, inoculated with spore suspensions of the pathogen in solution at the point of detachment from the stem. Then, 6-PAP was added at 1 day following harvest (Trial... 

A Few Host Plants to CJaviceps Paspafi Host Plants Resistant to Artificial Inoculation of Claviceps Paspali--------... 

Saleemullah, Iqbal, A., Khalil, I.A., and Shah, H., Aflatoxin contents of stored and artificially inoculated cereals and nuts, Food Chem., 98, 699-703, 2006. 

Both pectate-based culture filtrates and ripe strawberries, artificially inoculated with Rhizopus stolonifer, R. sexualis, Mucor piriformis, ox Aureobasidium pullulans, contained erado-poly-D-galacturonase and pectin esterase. Uninfected... 

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