Bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid

For various reasons, the generalizations mentioned above must be regarded as strictly provisional. Analyses utilizing formic acid indicate the presence of more than one phosphorus atom per purine or pyrimidine residue. This discrepancy, it is pointed out, could equally well result from an apparent deficiency of bases, due to error in the analytical technique.160 It is also necessary to consider that some nucleic acids are now known to contain more bases than was previously realized. Thus, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-cytosine is present in various viruses,181-182 and 5-methylcytosine occurs in various animal and plant deoxyribonucleic acids but is absent from those of microbial origin.17-160-1M- 184- 186 Certain microbial deoxyribonucleic acids also contain 6-methylaminopurine.186a Various bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acids have been found to contain a component which is believed to consist of a D-glucoside186b of 5 -(hydroxymethyl)cytidylic acid. 

D-Ghtcopyranosyhxymethyl)cytosine Groups in Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid... 

Herrlich, P., Schweiger, M. T3 and T7 Bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid-directed enzyme synthesis in vitro. J. Virol. 6, 750-753 (1970). 

Murakami, W. T., Van Vunakis, H., Grossman, L., Levine, L. Immunochemical studies of bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid. II - Characterization of the active antigen. Virology 14, 190-197 (196I). 

Okubo, S., Strauss, B., Stodolski, M. The possible role of recombination in the infection of competent Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid. Virology 24, 552-562 (1964). 

Romig, W. R. Infectivity of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acids extracted from mature particles and from lysogenic hosts. Bact. Rev. 32, 349-357 (1968). 

SjosTROM, J. E., Lindberg, M., Philipson, L. Transfection of Staphylococcus aureus with bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Bact. 109, 285-291 (1972). 

Hydroxymethylcytosine (967) was isolated only in 1952 from the T-even bacteriophages of Escherichia coli, in which it occurs instead of cytosine in the 2-deoxyribonucleic acid (65MI21304). Of several syntheses described, the most convenient is probably that beginning with ethyl 4-amino-2-methylthiopyrimidine-5-carboxylate which is reduced by LAH to 4-amino-2-methylthiopyrimidin-5-ylmethanol followed by hydrolysis to 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (967) (B-68MI21302, B-68MI21306). 

Povirk LF, Dattagupta N, Warf BC, Goldberg IH (1981) Neocarzinostatin chromophore binds to deoxyribonucleic acid by intercalation. Biochemistry 20 4007-4014 Powers EL, Gampel-Jobbagy Z (1972) Water-derived radicals and radiation sensitivity of bacteriophage T7. Int J Radiat Biol 21 353-359... 

It was concluded39 from these studies that the two nucleotides obtained by enzymic hydrolysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid of T2 bacteriophage are 2-deoxy-5 -(hydroxymethyl)cytidylic acid and a glucose derivative thereof. It was also concluded that the glucose residue is affixed to the pyrimidine portion of the nucleotide and nucleoside of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-cytosine and, on the basis of the near identity of the spectra of the two nucleotides of 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine, it was suggested that the hexose is attached to the hydroxymethyl group of the pyrimidine. 

Walsh (2003) defined biopharmaceuticals as therapeutic protein or nucleic acid preparations made by techniques involving recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology. Therapeutic proteins include blood clotting factors and plasminogen activators, hemopoietic factors, hormones, interferons and interleukins, and monoclonal antibodies (LeVine, 2006). Over time, the term biopharmaceutical has broadened, and, in addition to proteins and nucleic acids, now includes bacteriophages, viral and bacterial vaccines, vectors for gene therapy, and cells for cell therapy (Primrose and Twyman, 2004). Attention here focuses on proteins, since the majority of approved biopharmaceuticals are proteins. 

Kaiser, A. D., and D. S. Hogness. 1960. The transformation of Escherichia coli with deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteriophage lambda-dg. J. Mol. Biol. 392-415. 

As shown by Komberg and coworkers, infection of Escherichia coli by these bacteriophages triggers the synthesis of new enzymes, including D-glucosyl transferases, which had been totally lacking before infection these enzymes catalyze the synthesis of the type of deoxyribonucleic acid characteristic of that phage. 

Panet, A. van de Sande, J.H. Loewen, P.C. Khorana, H.G. Raae, A.J. Lille-haug, J.R. Kleppe, K. Physical characterization and simultaneous purification of bacteriophage T4 induced polynucleotide kinase, polynucleotide li-gase, and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. Biochemistry, 12, 5045-5050... 

Davison P F (1959). The effect of hydrodynamic shear on the deoxyribonucleic acid from T2 and T4 bacteriophages, Proc. of the National Academy of Science. 45 1560-1568. 

Macrocyclic compounds in the proper sense, on the other hand, are present in a few naturally occurring polymers, as in the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) of the bacteriophage X 174, or of a polyoma virus. These... 

Johnson JL and Cummins CS (1972) Cell wall composition and deoxyribonucleic acid similarities among the anaerobic coryneforms, classical propionibacteria, and strains of Arachnia propionica. JBacteriol 109 1047-1066 Jong EC, Ko HL and Pulverer G (1975) Studies on bacteriophages of Propionionibacterium acnes. Med Microbiol Immunol 161 263-271... 

Purine and Pyrimidine Composition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Bacteriophages,... 

The Helical Nature of Nucleic Acids. The double helix of nucleic acids has a diameter of 20 A. Dimensions such as these can be made visible in modern electron microscopes. In the photograph of a deoxyribonucleic acid preparation of bacteriophages (Fig. 28), even the twisted structure of the DNA can be distinguished. The entire, multiply looped thread is 500,000 A (= 50 /u) long, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 130 million. 

Fig. 28. Deoxyribonucleic acid from a bacteriophage. The twisted thread is the double helix it is 50 M long and is a single DNA molecule with a molecular weight of 130 million. [A. K. Klein-schmidt, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 61, 857-864 (1962).]...

Hausmann, R., Gomez, B. Amber mutants of bacteriophages T3 and T7 defective in phage-directed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. J. Virol. 1, 779-792 (1967). 

Kutter, E. M., Wiberg, J. S. Biological effects of substituting cytosine for 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine in the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteriophage T4. J. Virol. 4, 439-453 (1969). 

Sadowski, P. D., Kerr, C. Degradation of Escherichia coli B deoxyribonucleic acid after infection with deoxyribonucleic acid-defective amber mutants of bacteriophage T7. J. Virol. 6, 149-155 (1970). 

Sauerbier, W., Brautigam, a. R. Control of gene function in bacteriophage T4. II. Synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein after interrupting deoxyribonucleic acid replication and glucosylation. J. Virol. 5, 179-187 (1970). 

Schweiger, M., Herrlich, P., Millette, R. L. Gene expression in vitro from deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteriophage T7. J. biol. Chem. 6707-6712 (1971). 

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