Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation

Kaiser, A. D., and D. S. Hogness. 1960. The transformation of Escherichia coli with deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteriophage lambda-dg. J. Mol. Biol. 392-415. 

C10H13N5O3 251.244 A common component of deoxyribonucleic acid. Isol. from Dong Chong Xia Chao (Cordyceps sinensis). Sol. H2O. 

Summers MD, Anderson DL (1972) Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the granulosis viruses of the cabbage looper, Ttichoplusia ni and the fell armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Virology 50 459-471... 

The hydroxyl at C 2 m D nbose is absent m 2 deoxy d nbose In Chapter 28 we shall see how derivatives of 2 deoxy d nbose called deoxynbonucleotides are the funda mental building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the material responsible for stor mg genetic information L Rhamnose is a compound isolated from a number of plants Its carbon chain terminates m a methyl rather than a CH2OH group... 

Thymine was isolated from hydrolyzates of bovine thymus or spleen in 1893, several years before uracil, but it was not made synthetically until 1901. Unlike uracil, it comes not from ribonucleic but from deoxyribonucleic acids via thymidine (3-D-2 -deoxyribofuranosidothymine). 

Cytosine was isolated from hydrolysis of calf thymus in 1894 and by 1903 its structure was known and it had been synthesized from 2-ethylthiopyrimidin-4(3H)-one. The acid hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid gives nucleotides, among which are two cytidylic acids, 2 -and 3 -phosphates of cytidine further hydrolysis gives cytidine itself, i.e. the 1-/3-D-ribofuranoside of cytosine, and thence cytosine. The deoxyribonucleic acids likewise yield deoxyribonucleotides, including cytosine deoxyribose-5 -phosphate, from which the phosphate may be removed to give cytosine deoxyriboside and thence cytosine. 

Hydroxymethylcytosine (967) was isolated only in 1952 from the T-even bacteriophages of Escherichia coli, in which it occurs instead of cytosine in the 2-deoxyribonucleic acid (65MI21304). Of several syntheses described, the most convenient is probably that beginning with ethyl 4-amino-2-methylthiopyrimidine-5-carboxylate which is reduced by LAH to 4-amino-2-methylthiopyrimidin-5-ylmethanol followed by hydrolysis to 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (967) (B-68MI21302, B-68MI21306). 

As is well-known, nucleic acids consist of a polymeric chain of monotonously reiterating molecules of phosphoric acid and a sugar. In ribonucleic acid, the sugar component is represented by n-ribose, in deoxyribonucleic acid by D-2-deoxyribose. To this chain pyrimidine and purine derivatives are bound at the sugar moieties, these derivatives being conventionally, even if inaccurately, termed as pyrimidine and purine bases. The bases in question are uracil (in ribonucleic acids) or thymine (in deoxyribonucleic acids), cytosine, adenine, guanine, in some cases 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcyto-sine. In addition to these, a number of the so-called odd bases occurring in small amounts in some ribonucleic acid fractions have been isolated. 

Bacterial Macromolecules. I. The Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Virulent and Avirulent Strains of Haemophilus pertussis, W. G. Overend, M. Stacey, M. Webb, and J. Ungar, Paper presented at A. G. M., Soc. Gen. Microbiol., April 5, 1950. 

Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M. and McCarty, M. (1944), Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of Pneumococcal types induction of transformation by a deoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from Pneumococcus IIP, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 79, 137-157. 

A detailed discussion of the modes of occurrence and biological importance of the polynucleotides is outside the scope of this article. However, in examining the structures of polynucleotides, it is necessary to take into consideration the origins of the materials studied. The pioneer researches of Caspersson114 indicated that deoxyribonucleic acids are present exclusively in the nucleus, whereas ribonucleic acids are found chiefly in the cytoplasm and only to a small extent in the nucleus. This general outline of the distribution of nucleic acids within the cell has been confirmed and extended by more recent work,116 and it has been possible to isolate both types of nucleic acid from different cellular fractions of the same tissue.116... 

Duguet, M. and de Recondo, A.M. (1978) A deoxyribonucleic acid unwinding protein isolated from regenerating rat liver. Physical and functional properties. J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1660-1666. 

The most important pyrimidine derivatives are those upon which biological organisms depend. Cytosine 1018 and uracil 1019 are found in ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the form of their ribonucleotides, cytidine 1020 and uridine 1021, while in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), cytosine and thymine 1022 are found in the form of their 2 -deoxyribonucleotides, 2 -deoxycytidine 1023 and thymidine 1024. 5-Methylcytosine 1025 is also found to a small extent (c. 5%) in human DNA in the form of its 2 -deoxyriboside 1026, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine-2 -deoxyriboside 1027 has also been detected in smaller amounts <2005CBI1>. Many variants of cytosine and uracil can be found in RNA including orotic acid 1028 in the form of its ribonucleotide orotidine 1029. Other pyrimidine derivatives to have been isolated from various biological sources include 2 -deoxyuridine 1030, alloxan 1031, and toxopyrimidine (pyramine) 1032 (Figure 2). 

The sequences of the amino acids in the chains from which proteins are constructed are encoded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The coding sequence for a protein in the DNA is found in the structural gene for that protein. The RNA enzymes are also encoded by DNA genes. A fourth major theme of the book deals with the nature of the genetic code used in DNA and with the processes by which cells read and interpret the code. It also includes study of the methods by which thousands of genes have been mapped to specific positions in chromosomes, isolated, cloned, and sequenced. 

The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid dates to 1869, when Miescher isolated a new chemical substance from white blood cells that he obtained from pus and later from sperm cells.3 The material, which became known as nucleic acid, occurred in both plants and animals, thymus glands and yeast cells being among the best sources. Chemical studies indicated that the nucleic acids isolated from thymus glands and from yeast cells were different. As we now know, thymus nucleic acid was primarily DNA and yeast nucleic acid primarily RNA. For a while it was suspected that animals contained only DNA and plants only RNA, and it was not until the early 1940s that it was established that both substances were present in all organisms.3 ... 

J. Marmur, in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. VI, S. Colowick and N. Kaplan, Editors (1963), Academic Press (New York), pp. 726-738. A Procedure for the Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Microorganisms. ... 

Tokunaga, T., Yamamoto, H., Shimada, S., Abe, H., Fukuda, T., Fujisawa, Y. et al. (1984) Antitumor activity of deoxyribonucleic acid traction from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. I. Isolation, physicochemical characterization, and antitumor activity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 72, 955-962. 

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