Bacterial cell wall fragments

Emori, K., and A. Tanaka Granuloma formation by synthetic bacterial cell wall fragment muramyl dipeptide. Infect. Immun. 19,613 (1978). 

Pathogens known to stimulate CSF production include Salmonella typhi-murium, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Brucella abortus and Schistosoma mansonii. Additionally, non-viable bacteria or bacterial products, such as Nocardia rubra cell-wall fragments, muramyl peptides and bacterial endotoxins, can also induce CSF production. 

Polysaccharide-1-phosphates were extracted in some cases from bacterial cell walls. For example, TA isolated from Staphylococcus lactis 2102 consists of ca. 23 monomeric fragments each built of a-D-N-acetylglucosamine-1 -phosphate 22). These units are linked by the phosphoester bond at the 6 position in the sugar residue, as represented by 7. 

The TIPDS group was also one of the dramatis personae in the delicate and complex methodology used to prepare other bacterial cell wall components implicated in immunogenic mechanisms. A superb example is the synthesis of small synthetic saccharide fragments used to prepare a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a serious infection in young children.235... 

Bacterial infections elicit a series of acute-phase responses which include central nervous system effects such as changes in body temperature and increased slow-wave sleep. Dead bacteria [54] and murein preparations [55] as well as other bacterial cell-wall products induce similar responses. Intravenous injections of rabbits with suspensions of pseudomurein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum also alter sleep and brain temperature. The mechanisms responsible for these somnogenic and pyrogenic effects are unknown [56]. It has been demonstrated that in a rat arthritis model, intra-articular injection of high doses of pseudomurein-polysaccharide fragments from Methanobacterium formicicum caused an acute inflammation [57]. 

Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycans and Fragments Structural Studies and Functions 218... 

Sterilization is a unit process not fonnd in the heavy chemical industry. The aim of sterilization is to kill and/or remove bacteria and pyrogens. Pyrogens are fragments of bacterial cell walls, which may prodnce fever as a reaction to foreign proteins if they enter the bloodstream of a sensitive person. 

The complexity of the problem in hand is immediately obvious. The subject of study, the bacterial cell wall, is a large polymer with a number of distinct constituents, which organize themselves into a three-dimensional entity. Despite the many attempts at elucidation of the three-dimensional structure by many methods, none had yielded definitive results. In order to make inroads into this complex problem, several groups have attempted to prepare synthetic samples of the building units and of fragments of the larger cell wall itself. 

Peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) fragments are isolated from S. pyogenes [34] to study the reactivation of induced inflammation. Peptidoglycan polymers [35] are isolated from bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan and related polymers are obtained from penicillin treated Bacillus subtilis [36], Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylcoccus epidermis, Nocardia corynebacteriodes and Streptomyces... 

Arendt, a., a. Kolodziejezyk, and T. Sokolowska Synthesis of mucopeptide fragments of bacterial cell walls containing diaminopimelic add. Part IX. Synthesis of pentapeptide related to bacterial mureine fragment. Roczniki Chem. Ann. Soc. Chim. Polonorum. 48, 1921 (1974). 

Antigen adsoption is crucial (e.g., aluminum hydroxide fragment of lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin) Active fragments of bacterial cell walls (Keitel et ah, 1993)... 

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