Bacterial cell walls peptidoglycan

Vancomycin is bactericidal to most susceptible bacteria at concentrations near its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and is an inhibitor of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis, although at a site different from that of j3-lactam antibiotics (Chapter 9). 

Synthesis of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan also involves lipid-linked oligosaccharides formed inside the cell and flipped to the outside for assembly. 

Complementary to hydrolysis by lysozyme189, an endo-acting N-acetyl-/ -D-glucosaminidase190-192 degrades bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan to the disaccharide N-acetyl-/J-muramoyl-( 1 - 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. 

Bugg TDH and Walsh CT (1992) Intracellular steps of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymology, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance. Nat Prod Rep 9, 199-215. 

B Flouret, D Mengin-Lecreulx, J van Heijenoort. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of uridine diphosphate N-acetylmuramyl peptide precursors of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Anal Biochem 114 59-63, 1981. 

Enzyme-Degradable Hydrogel. Because lysozyme is a well characterized enzyme, our first choice was a lysozyme-degradable hydrogel (11, 12). The natural substrate for lysozyme is chitin (13). but because chitin is a rigid, hydrophobic material, it is clearly not suitable for this work. The other natural substrates for lysozyme are certain bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycans (13. 

Prior to the crystallization of jack bean urease it was assumed by the biochemical community that enzymes had no ordered structure. In 1965 the first crystallographic evidence for the mechanism by which enzymes work when Phillips and his group solved the lysozyme structure [6], Details of the structure indicated how the enzyme could bind the oligosaccharides present in its target, bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans, and could respond to the binding event by changing its structure. 

Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycans and Fragments Structural Studies and Functions 218... 

Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycans and Related Material. Polysaccharides form important components of the large macromolecules whieh form the eell walls of bacteria. As the ehemistry of the polysaccharide components eannot be eonsidered in isolation, and eoverage of molecular interactions in the baeterial eell wall would require a large text in itself, the area will only be eovered only sketehily there are exeellent texts available." ... 

Scheme 19.19 Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linking reaction. N-Acetylglucosamine (1) and N-acetylmuramic acid...

Amino sugars, amino alcohols and amino acids from bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycans Reduction NaBH4 amino acid analyzer Hadzija and Keglevic [240]... 

The f)-lactam class (penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems), exert their activity via inhibition of membrane-bound enzymes, resulting in interference with bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. These enzymes are termed penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) because of their ability to covalently bind f)-lactam antibiotics. ... 

Mirelman, D., Bracha, R. Sharon, N. (1974a) Studies on the Elongation of Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycan and its Inhibition by Penicillin , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 235, 326-47... 

Pacidamycins, napsamycins, mureidomycins, and sansanmycins are uridyl peptide antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. strains and show potent inhibitory activity against phosphoMurVAc-pentapeptide translocase (MraY), an essential enzyme in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis [269, 270]. 

Kotani, S. Biological activities of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans and their subunits, with special reference to the immuno-adjuvant actions. Seikagaku 48, 1081 (1976). 

C27H45N5O16 695.676 Repeating disaccharide-dipeptide unit of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Exhibits immunoadjuvant activity. Hygroscopic powder. Mp 170-178° (dec.), [ajo -<-0.6 (c, 1 in H2O). 

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