Bacteria distribution

G. xylinus was first described by Brown in 1886 [2, 3] who identified a jelly-like film formed over the surface of a vinegar broth fermentation. A microscopic analysis revealed the presence of bacteria distributed within the whole film. Still today, G. xylinus is taken as the model microorganism in the research on the biosynthesis, crystallization and structural properties of bactraial cellulose [4]. The cellulose produced by G. xylinus contains approximately... 

Adequate sampling and monitoring of indicator bacteria in surface waters require a good understanding of enteric bacteria distributions and the factors that influence their densities in water. Fecal coliform concentrations are not evenly distributed in surface waters. Their densities vary in relation to season, climate, tidal cycles, and environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, nutrients, and solar radiation intensity. 

The potassium or calcium salt form of oxaUc acid is distributed widely ia the plant kingdom. Its name is derived from the Greek o>ys, meaning sharp or acidic, referring to the acidity common ia the foflage of certain plants (notably Oxalis and Mmex) from which it was first isolated. Other plants ia which oxahc acid is found are spinach, rhubarb, etc. Oxahc acid is a product of metabohsm of fungi or bacteria and also occurs ia human and animal urine the calcium salt is a principal constituent of kidney stones. 

Absorption, Transport, and Excretion. The vitamin is absorbed through the mouth, the stomach, and predominantly through the distal portion of the small intestine, and hence, penetrates into the bloodstream. Ascorbic acid is widely distributed to the cells of the body and is mainly present in the white blood cells (leukocytes). The ascorbic acid concentration in these cells is about 150 times its concentration in the plasma (150,151). Dehydroascorbic acid is the main form in the red blood cells (erythrocytes). White blood cells are involved in the destmction of bacteria. 

Saline Water for Municipal Distribution. Only a very small amount of potable water is actually taken by people or animals internally, and it is quite uneconomical to desalinate all municipally piped water, although all distributed water must be clear and free of harmful bacteria. Most of the water piped to cities and industry is used for Htfle more than to carry off small amounts of waste materials or waste heat. In many locations, seawater can be used for most of this service. If chlorination is requited, it can be accompHshed by direct electrolysis of the dissolved salt (21). Arrayed against the obvious advantage of economy, there are several disadvantages use of seawater requites different detergents sewage treatment plants must be modified the usual metal pipes, pumps, condensers, coolers, meters, and other equipment corrode more readily chlorination could cause environmental poUution and dual water systems must be built and maintained. 

Most surface waters contain varying amounts of suspended solids, including silt, clay, bacteria, and vimses and it is necessary to remove these before to distribution to the domestic or industrial consumer. Suspended soHds not only affect the acceptabiUty of the water but also interfere with disinfection. The principal treatment processes are sedimentation (qv) and filtration (qv). Sedimentation alone is rarely adequate for the clarification of turbid waters and is of htde or no value for the removal of such very fine particles as clay, bacteria, etc. Table 1 shows the effect of particle size on the sedimentation rate of a soHd having a specific gravity of 2.65 in water at 20°C. 

The foHowing factors are important in dump leaching (/) the role of bacteria (2) the appHcation of acid to prevent or delay precipitation of hydrated ferric sulfate (J) oxidation to remove excess iron from mine water in settling pools, as shown in equations 38 and 39 (4) optimization of dump configuration for good solution distribution and (5) avaHabHity of oxygen. 

One of the reasons why it is important to remove suspended solids in water is that the particles can act as a source of food and housing for bacteria. Not only does this make microbiological control much harder but, high bacteria levels increase the fouling of distribution lines and especially heat transfer equipment that receive processed waters (for example, in one s household hot water heater). The removal of suspended contaminants enables chemical treatments to be at their primary jobs of scale and corrosion prevention and microbial control. 

Pantothenic acid is found in extracts from nearly all plants, bacteria, and animals, and the name derives from the Greek pantos, meaning everywhere. It is required in the diet of all vertebrates, but some microorganisms produce it in the rumens of animals such as cattle and sheep. This vitamin is widely distributed in foods common to the human diet, and deficiencies are only observed in cases of severe malnutrition. The eminent German-born biochemist Fritz Lipmann was the first to show that a coenzyme was required to facilitate biological acetylation reactions. (The A in... 

Distribution of luminous bacteria. Luminous bacteria are widely distributed in the marine environment, and have been isolated from various sources, including seawater, the light organs and various other parts of marine luminous organisms, sometimes even from nonmarine sources as well. There are several major groups of luminous bacteria... 

Hirose, E., Aoki, M., and Chiba, K. (1996). Fine structures of tunic cells and distribution of bacteria in the tunic of the luminescent ascidian Clavelina miniate. Zool. Sci. 13 519-523. 

The major mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol is mediated by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CAT enzymes) which transfer one or two acetyl groups to one molecule of chloramphenicol. While the CAT enzymes share a common mechanism, different molecular classes can be discriminated. The corresponding genes are frequently located on integron-like structures and are widely distributed among Gramnegative and - positive bacteria. 

Phospholipase D is widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, and is present in almost all mammalian cells [3]. In mammals, it occurs as alternatively spliced products of two genes (PLD1 andPLD2) (Fig. 3). Most mammalian cells express different levels of both isoforms. Both PLD1 and PLD2 have four conserved sequences (I-IV), and sequences I and IV contain the HXKX4D (HKD) motif that is characteristic of the PLD superfamily, which includes bacterial endonucleases, phospholipid synthases, viral envelope... 

This chapter will focus on simple and complex iron-sulfur-con-taining proteins isolated from sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), in order to review the following topics types and distribution of proteins metal clusters involved and their association with other centers and... 

Hyaluronic acid consists of an unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units containing GlcUA and GlcNAc. Hyaluronic acid is present in bacteria and is widely distributed among various animals and tissues, including synovial fluid, the vitreous body of the eye, cartilage, and loose connective tissues. 

They are widely distributed across species. Bacteria possess cytochrome P450s, and P450cani (involved in the metabolism of camphor) of Pseudomonas putida is the only P450 isoform whose crystal stmcture has been established. 

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) are potent sodium channel blockers that are found in phylogenetically diverse species of marine life. The wide distribution of TTX and STX has resulted in speculation that bacteria are the source of these toxins. Recently, investigators have reported isolation of marine bacteria, including Vibrio Alteromonas, Plesiomonas, and Pseudomonas species, that produce TTX and STX. This chapter details the methods and results of research to define bacterial sources of TTX and STX. 

Flagella are threads of protein often 2fim. long which start as small basal organs just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane. They are responsible for the movement of motile bacteria. Their number and distribution varies. Some species bear a single flagellum, others are flagellate over their whole surface. 

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