Aquatic bacteria

Stoessel F (1989) On the ecology of ciliates in riverwaters The evaluation of water quality via ciliates and filamentous bacteria. Aquat Sci 51 235... 

Berg, G. M., andj0rgensen, N. O. G. (2006). Purine and pyrimidine metabolism by estuarine bacteria. Aquat. Micro. Ecol. 42, 215—226. 

Chiura, H. X. (1997). Generalized gene transfer by virus-like particles from marine bacteria. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 13, 75—83. 

Fagerbakke, K. M., Heldal, M., and Norland, S. (1996). Content of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus in native aquatic and cultured bacteria. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10, 15-27. 

Noble, R. T., and Fuhrman, J. A. (1998). Use of SYBR Green I rapid epifluoresence counts of marine viruses and bacteria. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 14, 113—118. 

TANG K w (2005) Copepods as microbial hotspots in the ocean effects of host feeding activities on attached bacteria, Aquat Microb Ecol, 38,31-40. 

TANG K w, TURK V and GROssART H-p (2010) Linkage between crustacean zooplankton and aqnatic bacteria, Aquat Microb Ecol, 61, 261-277. 

Schreiber, F., and U. Szewzyk, 2008. Environmentally-relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals influence the initial adhesion of bacteria. Aquatic Toxicol 87 227-233. 

Another important example of redox titrimetry that finds applications in both public health and environmental analyses is the determination of dissolved oxygen. In natural waters the level of dissolved O2 is important for two reasons it is the most readily available oxidant for the biological oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants and it is necessary for the support of aquatic life. In wastewater treatment plants, the control of dissolved O2 is essential for the aerobic oxidation of waste materials. If the level of dissolved O2 falls below a critical value, aerobic bacteria are replaced by anaerobic bacteria, and the oxidation of organic waste produces undesirable gases such as CH4 and H2S. 

Aquatic animals are susceptible to a variety of diseases including those caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. A range of chemicals and vacciaes has been developed for treating the known diseases, although some conditions have resisted all control attempts to date and severe restrictions on the use of therapeutants ia some nations has impaired that abiUty of aquaculturists to control disease outbreaks. The United States is a good example of a nation ia which the variety of treatment chemicals is limited (Table 6). 

Aliphatic-Garboxylics. There are only two herbicides present in this class, trichloroacetate [76-03-9] (TCA) and dalapon [75-99-0]. These are used primarily for the selective control of annual and perennial grass weeds in cropland and noncropland (2,299). Dalapon is also used as a selective aquatic herbicide (427). Dalapon and TCA are acidic in nature and are not strongly sorbed by sods. They are reported to be rapidly degraded in both sod and water by microbial processes (2,427). However, the breakdown of TCA occurs very slowly when incubated at 14—15°C in acidic sods (428). Timing not only accelerates this degradation but also increases the numbers of TCA-degrading bacteria. An HA has been issued for dalapon, but not TCA (269). 

Use of dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide is recommended for cycloahphatic amine fire fighting. Water spray is recommended only to flush spills away to prevent exposures. In the aquatic environment, cyclohexylamine has a high (420 mg/L) toxicity threshold for bacteria (Pseudomonasputida) (68), and is considered biodegradable, that is, rnineralizable to CO2 and H2O, by acclimatized bacteria. 

Herbicides. An array of herbicides are registered for use in aquatic sites, but copper sulfate and diquat dibromide are of additional interest because they also have therapeutic properties (9,10). Copper sulfate has been used to control bacteria, fungi, and certain parasites, including Jchthjophthirius (ich). Diquat dibromide can control columnaris disease, but it also exhibits fungicidal properties (9,10). EPA recentiy proposed to limit the amount of diquat dibromide, endothaH, glyphosate, and simazine that can be present in drinking water therefore, the use of these compounds may be reduced if they cannot be removed from the effluent. 

Contains information on the toxic effects of5,600 chemicals on more than 2,800 aquatic species of animals and plants, excluding birds, aquatic mammals, and bacteria. Has now been incorporated into ECOTOX Data System. Hours 8 00 a.m. to 4 30p.m. CST, Monday - Friday. 

Dissimilatory sulfate reducers such as Desul-fovibrio derive their energy from the anaerobic oxidation of organic compounds such as lactic acid and acetic acid. Sulfate is reduced and large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are generated in this process. The black sediments of aquatic habitats that smell of sulfide are due to the activities of these bacteria. The black coloration is caused by the formation of metal sulfides, primarily iron sulfide. These bacteria are especially important in marine habitats because of the high concentrations of sulfate that exists there. 

Besides nitrogen fixation, the only other major source of reduced nitrogen is the decomposition of soil or aquatic organic matter. This process is called ammonification. Heterotrophic bacteria are principally responsible for this. These organisms utilize organic compounds from dead plant or animal matter as a carbon source, and leave behind NH3 and NHJ, which can then be recycled by the biosphere. In some instances heterotrophic bacteria may incorporate a complete organic molecule into their own biomass. The majority of the NH3 produced in this way stays within the biosphere however, a small portion of it will be volatilized. In addition to this source, the breakdown of animal excreta also contributes to atmospheric... 

If common marine bacteria, such as Vibrio sp. and Pseudomonas sp., indeed produce TTXs, it might be expected that more animals, particularly those living in aquatic environments, would be toxic. However, apparently only specific animals can concentrate TTX and/or provide a niche for TTX-producing bacteria. 

Shimp RJ, FK Pfaender (1985a) Influence of easily degradable naturally occurring carbon substrates on biodegradation of monosubstituted phenols by aquatic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 49 394-401. 

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