Backend

Although electroless deposition seems to offer greater prospects for deposit thickness and composition uniformity than electrodeposition, the achievement of such uniformity is a challenge. An understanding of catalysis and deposition mechanisms, as in Section 3, is inadequate to describe the operation of a practical electroless solution. Solution factors, such as the presence of stabilizers, dissolved O2 gas, and partially-diffusion-controlled, metal ion reduction reactions, often can strongly influence deposit uniformity. In the field of microelectronics, backend-of-line (BEOL) linewidths are approaching 0.1 pm, which is much less than the diffusion layer thickness for a... 

The relaxation variables focus on the front-end of the value chain in sales and distribution excluding production and procurement due to the commodity value chain characteristics with long production lead times and less flexibility in the backend. Of course, it is possible to have relaxation variables for all constraints and areas of the value chain. However, this would lead to higher complexity for the planner as well as longer solution times with more integer variables. Therefore, relaxation is kept limited. 

The basics of the paste preparation were explained in Sect. 2.3.3. For the devices presented in this book, the paste was deposited onto cleaned chips using a dropcoating method [48,61]. The deposition was performed by the company Applied-Sensor (Reutlingen, Germany). A metal-wire loop is immersed in the paste and the tin-oxide suspension adhering to the loop forms a droplet, which is accurately positioned in the membrane center. After the drop deposition, the whole chip is put in a belt oven and annealed for 20 min at a temperature of 400 °C. This temperature is close to the elevated-temperature steps at the backend of the CMOS process. Consequently, we never observed a significant difference of the circuitry performance between coated and uncoated chips. The whole deposition process is, therefore, fully CMOS compatible, and no additional on-chip annealing is necessary. 

These principles are embodied in the chemoinformatics system outlined below. This system uses a backend (for database access and computations) that... 

Unfortunately, most of these tools are extremely expensive, and are fairly complex to deploy, requiring a database backend for alert storage. Surprisingly, they also have limited correlation capabilities, only providing a dozen or so rules as example for the development of environment-specific correlation rules. They should be viewed as a development framework for writing correlation rules. Since our correlation needs are very diverse, we could not find a platform that would allow us to run multiple correlation processes in parallel, from dynamic statistical analysis to vulnerability assessment. Also, manipulation of contextual data with interfaces to the inventory and configuration databases of the companies, was a strong requirement that no commercial tool satisfied at the time we launched the project. 

The management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) for U.S. submarines is intimately intertwined with the overall spent fuel policy of the U.S. This paper summarizes the current SNF policy for the U.S. from both a historical perspective and the perspective of the key issues that are shaping the policy and its future direction. SNF policy focuses on what is known as the backend of the nuclear fuel cycle - all those components of the cycle after the fuel is removed from a reactor. It also can and does impact the front end of the fuel cycle (the components necessary to produce nuclear fuel for a reactor). 

For several good reasons - poor hydraulic behavior, unsatisfactory sorption kinetics, unavailability, in some cases, of commercial quantities, etc., - inorganic sorbents, in contrast to their organic counterparts, have not been used extensively in the backend of the nuclear fuel cycle. Also, such production-scale applications of inorganic exchangers as have been made have been concerned much more with sorption of particular fission products (e.g., 137Cs) than with separation or purification of actinides. 

In the clustered case, the master data tunnel consists of a dispatcher forwarding received data packets to all connected render nodes. Additionally, slave data tunings exist which ignore all computation request to the HPC backend. Consecpiently, only requests by the master are processed. The hybrid architecture is depicted in Fig. 3.56. 

The KAON system [871] was chosen instead. It is based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF) that also forms the base of OWL. KAON enables semantic queries directly on the backend repository (stored in a relational database) by transforming the query into SQL, at the cost of loosing some of the expressiveness of OWL. Translation of OWL ontologies, such as OntoCAPE, into the KAON system has been realized, based on their common RDFS characteristics. 

In the storage area (right), external stores and repositories are integrated into the PDW. This applies to document management systems, databases, external tools, and others. Rules for the execution of queries on the storage backends, and the necessary transformations of the results (and other document contents) are also represented here. 

Order entry is the generic description for a focused application set that provides generalized requisition facilities to a number of backend functions (laboratory, pharmacy, diagnostic imaging, purchasing, etc.). 

The byproducts that have been observed for SNCR are ammonia, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide. All three byproducts are minimized when the temperature is on the high side of the window and residence time is relatively long. Ammonia is a concern because of the possibility of forming ammonium salts (sulfate, bisulfate, and chloride). These salts can foul backend heat exchange equipment or form visible... 

The customer targeted eomponentaddresses the service being offered in terms of its effieieney, relevance, scope, and performance. In short, the customer targeted component delivers the backend activities or the when (content order), and appropriately targets these features to whom ... 

A barcode basically is a machine-readable visual representation of information printed on the surface of objects. There are several different kinds of barcodes, for example, barcodes which store data in the widths and spacing of printed parallel lines, and those that store data within the patterns of dots, or concentric circles, or even hidden within images. This encoded data on the barcodes is read by barcode readers, which update the backend ERP, SCM, or WMS systems. However there are some inherent issues with using a barcode, for instance, barcodes become ineffective in rain, fog, snow, dirt and grime, and so forth (Tecstra, n.d.). Since barcodes rely on optical sensors, any minor change on the barcode print can make it difficult to read. This can be commonly seen at point of sale (POS) in the supermarkets, where the POS operator scans the barcode several times because it is either wet or not aligned properly. 

RFID interr( ator (reader). The RFID transponder or the RFID tag (which is how it is often called) is a microchip connected to an antenna. This tag can be attached to an object, which needs to be uniquely identified, for example, it can be used in a warehouse to track the entry and exit of goods. This tag contains information similar to the barcode, which stores the unique properties of the object to which it is attached. An RFID reader can access this information. The RFID reader communicates with the RFID tag using radio waves. The radio waves activate the RFID tag to broadcast the information it contains. Depending on the type of tag used, the information transmitted could be merely a number or detailed profile of the object. The data fetched from the reader can then be integrated with the backend ERP or SCM or WMS systems (Tecstra, n.d.). 

An RFID system is composed of three main elements an RFID tag (inlay), which contains data that uniquely identifies an object an RFID reader, which writes this unique data on the tags and, when requested, can read this unique identifier and an RFID middleware, which processes the data acquired from the reader and then updates it to the backend database or ERP systems (Weis, Sarma, Rivest, Engels, 2004). 

The need to filter RFID tag information is vital and usually can be done using a separate server in the RFID middleware or at the place where the reader is mounted. However in order to increase efficiency, reduce cost, and decrease potential points of failure in the network, it would be desirable if the reader itself is equipped with some computing power to facilitate information filtering before propagating an excessive large amount of data to RFID middleware or backend systems (e.g., ERP). New generation readers do offer such a facility like the IF5 Intellitag Fixed Reader, which is built on Linux platform, which... 

Hash-based Approaches for Access Control A hash-based access control protocol is discussed in Weis (2003). Here the tag is first in a locked state. When the tag moves to the unlocked state, the reader can access the tag s details. In order to change the state, the tag first transmits a meta ID, which is the hash value of a key. An authorized reader looks up the corresponding key in a backend system and sends it to the tag. The tag verifies the key by hashing it to return the clear text ID and remains only for a short time in an unlocked state which provides time for reader authentication and offers a modest level of access security (Knospe Pohl, 2004 Wong Phan, 2006). 

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