Bacillus subtilis antifungal activity against

A strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium notatum, Helminthosporium anomalum, and Fusarium oxysporum and antibacterial activity (tested on Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were found for 2,3-dihydro-5-bcnzovl-l //-l. 3.2-bcnzodiazaphosphole 2-oxides 87 and 2-sulfides 88 (see Section 6.13.4.4) <2002HAC340>. 

Mandal et al. (68) have reported on the antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of K suaveolens. The steam-distilled oil, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts exhibited broad-spectmm antibacterial and antifungal activity against Bacillus subtilis. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus., and the fungi Fusarium oxysporum. 

Examples of diterpenes with the cleistanthane and cassane skeleton have been isolated from an unidentified sterile coprophilous fungus. Sonomolide A and B (162, 163) display antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans but do not show antibacterial activity towards Bacillus subtilis [229]. 

Recently, there has been an increased interest in antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants which have been used in folk medicine. A review of the literature concerning the evaluation of plant extracts of the Baccharis genus and secondary metabolites isolated from them, has revealed that many studies into their antibacterial and antifungal activities have been carried out in recent years. For example, extracts of 46 plants from 15 families, most of them used in folk medicine, have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus,... 

Karamenderes et al. [67] reported the composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica (Scheele) Hayek, Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium, Achillea arithmifolia Waldst Kitt and Achillea kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi, four Achillea species from Turkey. 1,8-cineole, Fig. (2), artemisia alcohol and ascaridole were identified as major components. The essential oils showed antibacterial and antifungal effects even with low concentrations. The essential oil of the flowering tops of another Achillea species, Achillea fragantissimum (Forsk.) Sch. Bip growing in Sinai, was analyzed [68]. Santolina alcohol, a- and P-thujone, Fig. (5) and artemisia ketone account for approximately 80% of the oil. The oil showed marked antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. 

The thiophene polyine ( )-2[5-hept-5-en-l,3-diynyl)-thien-2-yl]-ethan-1,2-diol isolated from an ethanolic extract of the underground parts of Leuzea carthamoides DC. demonstrated significant antifungal activity [247], while the dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of Chrysanthemum coronarium afforded N-isobutyl-6-(2-thiophenyl)-2,4-hexadienamide. Fig. (46) [248]. Antimicrobial tests by the agar well diffusion method indicated that it has low activity against Bacillus subtilis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, and is inactive against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at a concentration of 20 pg/ml. 

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