Tuberculosis vaccination

Rigano, M.M., Dreitz, S., Kipnis, A.-R, Izzo, A.A., and Walmsley, A.M. (2005). Oral immunogenicity of a plant-made subunit tuberculosis vaccine. Vaccine 24(5) 691-695. 

The significance of this observation has only been appreciated more recently. Rosenthal wrote a book in 1957 called BCG Vaccination Against Tuberculosis. The second edition of 1980, substantially rewritten from the first, was called BCG Vaccine Tuberculosis-Cancer, and this simple change graphically illustrates the change in emphasis in the use of BCG. By 1960 the menace of tuberculosis was perceived as being overcome by the use of antibacterials such as streptomycin and isoniazide, and the need for a tuberculosis vaccine was generally considered to be less relevant to the needs of the time. 

Tuberculosis can be prevented by using the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine, a weakened form of the tuberculosis bacterium that does not cause a tuberculosis infection. The vaccine enables the immune system to create antibodies for tuberculosis bacterium. 

Young D, Dye C 2006 The development and impact of tuberculosis vaccines. Cell 124 683-687... 

Bivas-Benita, M., van Meijgaarden, K.E, Franken, K.L. et al. 2004. Pulmonary delivery of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles enhances the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding HLA-A 0201-restricted T-cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine. 22 1609-1615. 

Tuberculosis still remains a major health problem in the world, with almost 1.5 million deaths annually. Sulfoglycolipids were identified as new mycobacterium antigens able to control mycobacterial infection" and appeared to be promising additive candidates for the development of a new tuberculosis vaccine. These complex metabolites are acylated and sulfated a,a-D-trehalose derivatives which are found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Scheme 16)." Efficient access to di-O- and tetra-O-acylated sulfoglycolipid analogues have been developed by using the iron(iii) chloride-catalyzed tandem protocol for the functionalization of C2 symmetric a,a-D-trehalose. ... 

Tuberculosis causes almost eight million new cases and two million deaths annually. There is no vaccine available to prevent this infectious disease in adults. The availability of an improved and efficient anti-tuberculosis vaccine is urgently needed as tbe global health concern of tuberculosis is further worsened by tbe emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. 

W. R. Wates, M. V. Palmer, B. M. Buddie and H. M. Vordermeier, Bovine tuberculosis vaccine research Historical perspectives and recent advances. Vaccine, 2012, 30, 2611-2622. 

Morris S, Kelley C, Howard A, Li Z, Collins F. The immunogenicity of single and combination DNA vaccines against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2000 18(20) 2155-2163. 

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