Azoospermia

High dosages of alkylating agents can cause prolonged azoospermia in greater than 90% of men, whereas platinum drugs can cause it in up to 50% of men. Cyropreservation of semen before treatment starts should be discussed with males at risk for treatment-induced infertility.52... 

Procarbazine -alkylating agent cell cycle independent -bone marrow suppression—prolonged -nausea and vomiting—severe tolerance often develops with repeated dosing -mucocutaneous effects (mucositis, stomatitis, diarrhea) -rash, hives, photosensitivity -interstitial pneumonitis -CNS toxicity—seizures, lethargy, headache, ataxia -flu-like syndrome -azoospermia and amenorrhea almost universal... 

Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques were used to detect HIV-1 infected cells in the testis (P5), excurrent ducts, and prostate. Distinct pathologic changes were observed in the majority of testis of AIDS patients that included azoospermia, hyalinization of the boundary wall of seminiferous tubules, and lymphocytic infiltration of the interstitium. In the testis, many white blood cells were shown to the CD4 + HIV-1 positive cells of lymphocy-tic/monocytic morphology, found in the seminiferous tubules and interstitium of the testis, epididymal epithelium, and connective tissue of the epididymis and prostate. There was no evidence of active HIV-1 infection in germ cells or Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules or other epithelial cells lining the excurrent ducts or prostatic glands. 

A recent cohort study of 26,000 workers from 12 countries outside the US found that after a median exposure to DBCP of 3 years, 64% of the men overall, and 90% of the men studied from the Philippines, had azoospermia or oligospermia. The percentage of men with no children was 28.5% overall. 

Adverse reactions may include bone marrow depression with aplastic anemia agranulocytosis or thrombocytopenia (long-term therapy) peripheral neuritis purpura myopathy loss of hair reversible azoospermia dermatoses hypersensitivity vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain nausea elevated alkaline phosphatase and AST. 

The one product obtained from cottonseed oil, Gossypol which is categorized as non-hormonal selective spermatogenesis suppressant, is effective in producing azoospermia or severe oligospermia but it is not widely used as male contraceptive. Mechanism of action is not known. Adverse effects are edema, diarrhoea, hypokalemia, neuritis. 

Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, pulmonary fibrosis, dermatitis, hepatotoxicity, seizures, amenorrhoea, azoospermia, peripheral neuropathy and bone marrow depression. 

Adverse effects include, thrombocytopenia, amenorrhoea, azoospermia, skin pigmentation, nausea, vomiting, cataract, gynaecomastia, pulmonary fibrosis and hyperuricaemia. 

Replacement therapy in men may cause acne, sleep apnea, erythrocytosis, gynecomastia, and azoospermia. Supraphysiologic doses of... 

At present, pituitary hormones—and potent antagonist analogs of GnRH—are receiving increased attention. A GnRH antagonist in combination with testosterone has been shown to produce reversible azoospermia in nonhuman primates. 

Azoospermia Less than the reference value for morphology of spermatozoa. 

Oligospermia or azoospermia Leukopenia Hemorrhagic cystitis Renal tubular necrosis... 

In men, the (often desired) effects can include an increase in libido. After some time, androgenic treatment in men will lead to a reduction in the volume of the testes and azoospermia or oligospermia because of suppression of gonadotropins. Severe priapism occasionally occurs. 

Not surprisingly, azoospermia is a classic consequence of intensive use of anabolic androgenic steroids, and it can be reflected in sterility. A well-documented case has shown that in at least some cases the condition can be reversed and fertility restored by treatment with gonadotrophins (HMG and HCG) (89). 

Assmann T, Arens A, Becker-Wegerich PM, Schuppe HC, Lehmann P. Acne fulminans with sternoclavicular bone lesions and azoospermia after abuse of anabolic steroids. H G Z Hautkr 1999 74 570-2. 

Menon DK. Successful treatment of anabolic steroid-induced azoospermia with human chorionic gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin. Fertil Steril 2003 79 1659-61. 

The notion that an oral contraceptive closely similar to that used in women might be developed for men has been discussed for about 45 years, but the concept has not yet found wide acceptance. Delays in putting the concept into practice have related variously to difficulties in finding an effective combination, complaints of reduced libido or potency, and the long delay between the start of treatment and the attainment of azoospermia. 

Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Donnelly PE, Turtle JR. Azoospermia after iodine-131 treatment for thyroid carcinoma. BMJ 1980 281(6254) 1527. 

Colchicine produces a temporary leukopenia that is soon replaced by a leukocytosis, sometimes because of a striking increase in the number of basophilic granulocytes. The site of action is apparently directly on the bone marrow. Myopathy and neuropathy also have been noted with colchicine treatment, especially in patients with decreased renal function. Long-term administration of colchicine entails some risk of agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, myopathy, and alopecia azoospermia has also been described. 

The most common toxicity is dose-related bone marrow suppression. Infertility with azoospermia and amenorrhea also occurs. The risk of neoplasia is increased, with the relative risk of leukemia increased about tenfold compared with the general population, especially after more than 3 years of use. 

Following the hearings, work by Whorton et al. (ref. 24a) showed that reversibility of the azoospermia experienced by exposed workers was probably dose-dependent and a function of individual sensitivity. OSHA then reduced the MAC to 1 ppb (ref. 25). See table on p. 167 of ref. 47 for reproductive effects on males. All registrations of end use products except for use on pineapples in Hawaii have been cancelled (EPA, ref. 103, p. 3). 

Mechlorethamine is very irritating to mucous membranes and is especially harmful to the eyes. In patients, it causes nausea and vomiting, thromobophlebitis, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, stomatitis, maculopapular skin eruption, herpes zoster, amenorrhea, azoospermia, thrombosis, bone marrow depression, tinnitis, vertigo, and hearing loss.2 LD50 (i.v., rat) 1.1 mg/kg.1... 

The chemotherapeutic agent does not differentiate between cancerous and normal cells, and hence causes severe toxicity. Toxic effects are leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, ulceration, diarrhea, azoospermia, infertility, premature menopause, alopecia, and vomiting. On prolonged use, these agents may cause gonadal damage and teratogenicity. 

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