Shoulder Girdle

Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebral column Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Forelimbs Hindlimbs ... 

Tardive dystonia is a rare, late-onset, persistent dystonia associated with neuroleptic drugs, which usually affects young men. It tends to affect the muscles of the neck, shoulder girdle, and trunk, causing opisthotonos. Sometimes, patients can become incapacitated (325,226). The incidence is 1-2% (327). Once developed, it is a very persistent disorder, with a low remission rate of only 14% withdrawal of neuroleptic drugs increases the chances of remission. 

Evolution— rapid and relentlessly progressive symmetrical weakness of thigh and pelvic girdle muscles (tendency to fall, diflSculty in rising, rolling gait, lumbar lordosis) and soon of muscles of shoulder girdle, trunk, and upper limbs 80% of cases show initial pseudohypertrophy of muscles, notably the calves, due possibly to fatty replacement (P7b). 

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy or Lan-douzy-De jerine dystrophy differs from the more common types in that it involves primarily the upper extremities, face muscles, and shoulder girdle. The condition starts later in life (usually by age 10) and may appear... 

In a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controUed trial in 145 patients with axillary hyperhidrosis, refractory to treatment with topical aluminium chloride, both 100 and 200 MU of botulinum toxin reduced sweat production by about 80% (6). After 24 weeks, sweat production in the treated axillae was about 45% of baseline. Temporary adverse events during the first 14 weeks included headache, soreness of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, axillary itching, and increased facial sweating. 

Dermal fibroplasia causes hypertrophic scarring, scar adhesions and keloids. Black or dark skins are more likely to develop this type of reaction. The shoulder girdle and the lower thorax are both high-risk areas, as is the jaw area on the face. This type of scarring does not occur when necrosis goes no further than the upper reticular dermis. 

Limb girdle (Erb s disease) Either pelvic or shoulder girdle initially,with spread to the other. Variable progression. 

Facioscapulohumeral (Lou Gehrig s disease) Face and shoulder girdle initially, then pelvic girdle and legs. Progression usually slow. 

Shoulder girdle Raise shoulders Lower shoulders Draw forward Draw backward Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction ... 

The strain index has not been developed to predict disorders outside of the disteil upper extremity, such as disorders of the shoulder, shoulder girdle, neck, or back. 

Shoulder Radiographs 18 AP Shoulder Girdle 18 AP Shoulder Joint 18 Axial Shoulder (Supero-inferior/ Infero-superior Projection) 19 Lateral Scapula (Y-View) 19... 

An AP shoulder girdle is often the preferred projection in paediatrics as trauma often results in injury to the clavicle of the upper third of the humerus. The child s clothing is removed from the shoulder area. 

Fig. 2.15a,b. AP shoulder girdle. Centre Medial to the shoulder joint making sure the full length of the clavicle and scapula is demonstrated. Area imaged Full length of the clavicle, scapula, upper 1/3 of the humerus and the shoulder joint... 

Fractures of the clavicle result from falls onto the shoulder or lateral compression of the shoulder girdle. There is rarely any associated injury to the subclavian vessels, brachial plexus or pleura, unless the injury is due to a direct blow. Clavicular fractures have been (Allman 1967) classified into three types type 1, middle third type 2 distal to the coracoclavicular ligaments and type 3 medial to the sternocleidomastoid and costoclavicular ligament. 

Samilson RL (1980) Congenital and developmental anomalies of the shoulder girdle. Orthop Clin North Am 11 219-231... 

Fig. 4.54 Sagittal section of the shoulder girdle demonstrating superficial and deep anatomy with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement under the pectoralls major muscle. (From Belott PH, Reynolds DW. Permanent pacemaker and cardioverter defibrillation implantation. In Ellenbogen KA, Kay N, WUkoff BL, eds. Clinical cardiac pacing and defibriUation, 2nd ed. Philadelphia WB Saimders, 2000, with permission.)...

Head Earlobes Neck Shoulders Shoulder girdles Spine Ribcage... 

The soft tissue techniques described in this chapter are good general techniques for relaxing and stretching the muscles of the thoracic and shoulder girdle. They may be used as the only treatment for a soft tissue hypertonicity and tension or to prepare the tissues for other types of osteopathic manipulative techniques. 

The sternoclavicular joint, one of the true joints of the shoulder girdle, may affect rib cage motion either primarily, via the manubrium and ligamentous attachments to the costal cartilage, or secondarily, because of the position of the upper extremity. 

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