Avoidance of risk

Normal spirometry ° Avoidance of risk factors ° Influenza vaccine... 

At Risk Avoidance of risk factor(s), especially smoking... 

Directive concerning the avoidance of risks due to explosive atmospheres (aided by a collection of examples)... 

Avoidance of risk factorfs) influenza vaccination pneumococcal vaaine ... 

The most important prophylactic measures for preventing the development of hepatic osteopathy are (i.) avoidance of harmful noxae (alcohol, nicotine), (2.) avoidance of risk factors (e. g. overweight calcium, phosphate or vitamin D deficiency use of glucocorticoids, cholestyramine and antacids containing aluminium), (2.) administration of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) in women with risk factors, and (4.) routine physical exercise. (s. p. 650) We have instructed our chronic liver patients to carry out the following exercises on a regular basis ... 

A package of measures for the reduction or avoidance of risk during the transport of dangerous goods has been prepared by regulation institutions, which sets out the environmental, traffic policy, and economic dimensions of these trends. 

However, it is on the duty-holder to decide how to apply the judgment, for example, avoidance of risk hy alternative solution or spending money on risk reduction, etc. The judgment is based on the following ... 

This then gives a total risk profile and priorities can be determined for control. Risk control includes the prevention of risks occurring, the avoidance of risk, and contingency plans should undesired events be triggered off by risks (Model 7.9). 

The benefit of risk management is the avoidance of (risk and hence potential) loss... 

It is believed that to avoid any risk of explosion, the electrical conductivity of jet fuel should fall between 50 and 450 pS/m. This level is attained using anti-static additives which are metallic salts (chromium, calcium) added at very low levels on the order of 1 ppm. 

The oxygen used in the combustion is supplied by a small cylinder (120 Atm.) fitted with a pressure reduction valve, pressure gauge (to avoid the risk of the cylinder becoming exhausted during an actual determination) and fine control knob. It is important that the valve is kept free from oil or grease of any kind. In order to ensure the complete purity of the oxygen it is first passed through a purification train. 

In both these continuous processes medium to high energy disperse dyes should be used to avoid the risk of dye subliming to contaminate the atmosphere of the fixation unit and then staining the print by vapor-phase dyeing, or to produce a loss of definition of the printed mark due to diffusion from the appHed thickened paste. 

The same questions may then be asked for different values of the probabilities p and po. The answers to these questions can give an indication of the importance to the company of P at various levels of risk and are used to plot the utility curve in Fig. 9-25. Positive values are the amounts of money that the company would accept in order to forgo participation. Negative values are the amounts the company woiild pay in order to avoid participation. Only when the utihty value and the expected value (i.e., the straight line in Fig. 9-25) are the same can net present value (NPV) and discounted-cash-flow rate of return (DCFRR) be justified as investment criteria. 

Whenever possible, relative comparisons of risk should be made (Step 8). Comparing relative risk estimates for alternative strategies avoids many of the problems associated with interpreting and defending absolute estimates. Table 9 contains examples of typical conclusions you can reach using relative risk estimates. In some cases, however, absolute estimates may be required to satisfy your needs. Table 10 contains a list of examples of typical conclusions possible using absolute risk estimates. 

PRA - probabilistic risk assessment/probabilistic safety assessment, synonymous with PSA. The PRA Procedures Guide is NUREG/CR-23(X). PRA was the original term but became probabilistic safety assessment to avoid the negative implication of risk. ... 

Examination of the risks of common human activities demonstrates...a lifetime risk of 1 in 100,000 or more is within tlie realm of, or orders of magnitude below, everyday risks tliat generally do not cause undue concern. These are risks tliat people, while they are aware of them and may luavc some concern or fear over them, do not in general alter tlieir behavior to avoid... the risks from many activities greatly exceed the level of 1 in 100,000. 

Reduced risk of harm through famine avoidance Reduced risk of harm through disease prevention Reduction in other proposed climate change hazards Reduced risk of harm through avoided economic impacts of climate change NONE NONE NONE NONE... 

Where joints are unavoidable, they should be welded. Steam coils should drain freely from inlet to outlet. Steam traps, usually of the bucket type, should also be provided. Condensate from steam coils should be drained to waste, unless adequate provision is made to drain trace quantities before return to the hotwell. Where hot-water coils are used, the water supply should be heated through a calorifier. These recommendations will avoid any risk of oil reaching the boiler plant. 

Make-up water. A semi-sealed section within the main tank will feed water from the treatment plant to the main tank either through a separate make-up tank or. In either case, the water level will be the same in both sections, excluding the ullage left for condense returns. Control of the make-up water level may be by float valve, float switches or conductivity probes. These methods allow water to flow through the treatment plant, although conductivity probes or switches permit a positive flow and avoid the risk of slippage. 

Copper Although copper is weather-resistant under normal conditions of exposure, certain precautions are necessary to avoid the risk of premature failure. For instance, copper that is exposed to high concentrations of flue... 

Roig (Ref 9) describes the method of prepn in which MeN is obtd as a 60% soln in methanol. This is done in order to avoid any risk of expln during nitration. Detailed descriptions of both laboratory and semi-plant production are given in Ref 8, p 166. The yield of MeN is 77% in lab practice and 83.7% in semi-plant production (Ref 8, p 164)... 

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