Automotive engineering

The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, Pa 15087 - 0001 USA... 

S. R. Dunne, Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conf. Proc. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1989,165—173. 

R. R. Toepel, J. E. Bennethum, R. E. Hemth, "Development of a Detroit Diesel Allison 6V-92TA Methanol-Eueled Coach Engine," S 4E Paper 831744, SyEE Euels and Eubricants Meeting (San Erancisco, Calif., Oct. 31—Nov. 3, 1983), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1983. 

E. R. Panick, L. R. Smith, J. A. Russell and W. E. Likos, "Laboratory Evaluation of Safety-Related Additives for Neat Methanol Euel," SAP Paper 902156, (SP 840), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., Oct. 1990. 

T. B. BlaisdeU, M. D. Jackson, and K. D. Smith, "Potential of Light-Duty Methanol Vehicles," SAE Paper 891667, SAE Euture Transportation Technology Conf. andExpo. (Vancouver, Canada, Aug. 7—10,1989), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

A. Lawson, A. J. Last, A. S. Desphande, and E. W. Simmons, "Heavy-Duty Tmck Diesel Engine Operation on Unstabihzed Methanol/Diesel Euel Emulsion," SAE Paper 810346, (SP-480) Int. Congress and Expo (Detroit, Mich., Peb. 23—27,1981) Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

H. O. Hardenburg, "Comparative Study of Heavy-Duty Engine Operation with Diesel Puel and Ignition-Improved Methanol," Sy4E Paper 872095, SyPE Int. Fuels and Eubricants Meeting andExpo. (Toronto, Canada, Nov. 2—5,1987), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

T. PoweU, "Racing Experiences with Methanol and Ethanol Based Motor-Fuel Blends," paper 750124, Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, Mich., Feb. 1975. 

C. L. Middleton, R. R. McCoy, and J. M. Stanck, Modem Hydraulic and Hydrostatic Transmission Fluids, Automotive Engineering Congress, SAE, Detroit, Mich., 1970. 

R. L. WooUey and H. M. Simmons, "Hydrogen Storage in Vehicles—An Operational Comparison of Alternative Prototypes," Society of Automotive Engineers FuelandEubricantsMeeting St. Louis, Mo., 1976. 

Viscosity improvers are primarily used in multigrade automotive engine oils, automatic transmission oils, power steering fluids, and gear oils. They also find use in aircraft and some industrial hydrauHc fluids for low temperature use. 

S. E. Housh and V. Petrovich, "Magnesium Refining A Fluxless Alternative," Society of Automotive Engineers Internationa/ Congress and Exposition Paper 920071, Detroit, Mich., 1992. 

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